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Background: This study employs 3D gait analysis to investigate normal gait patterns in individuals afflicted with knee Osteoarthritis (OA). Focusing on the adult osteoarthritic population, the research aims to establish reference values for joint angles, temporospatial parameters, Gait Profile Score (GPS), and Movement Analysis Profile (MAP) collected concurrently along a standardized walking path. Furthermore, the study delves into potential variations linked to gender and OA severity, comparing gait parameters between male and female participants and among individuals with grade 3 and grade 4 OA. Method: The study involved 34 adults with a mean age of 68.6 ± 5.75 years, all experiencing OA knees and awaiting Total Knee Arthroplasty (TKA). Utilizing Qualisys Motion capture system, 3D gait analysis was conducted. Data were processed through Visual 3D C-Motion Software. Results: Gait analysis revealed noteworthy differences between genders for various parameters, including stance time, GPS, MAP of the hip, and joint angle for the sagittal plane (ankle), coronal plane (knee), and transverse plane (hip and knee). Moreover, significant differences were observed between grade 3 and grade 4 OA knees in MAP and for the transverse plane joint angle (ankle). Conclusion: This gait analysis study sheds light on distinctive gait patterns in the adult osteoarthritic population. The identified variations in temporospatial parameters, joint angles, GPS, and MAP provide valuable reference values for individuals suffering from knee OA. The observed differences between genders and across different OA severity grades emphasize the need for personalized approaches in managing knee OA and planning interventions like TKA.
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Introduction: Biomechanics plays a crucial function in osteoarthritis. Changes in the biomechanical parameters of the contralateral knee following total knee arthroplasty (TKA) may result in pain in the contralateral knee. The objective of this study was to examine preoperative and postoperative gait measurements on the contralateral leg following a TKA for a variety of gait measures at a self-selected normal gait pace in a similar speed population. Method: There were 11 patients included in the study, and their average age was 68 (7 females and 4 males). Gait analysis was performed at a sampling frequency of 120 Hz using nine cameras Qualisys motion capture systems (Qualisys AB, Sweden). To process the kinematic data, Visual 3D C-Motion Software was used. Results: Ankle plantar flexion (0.01), knee abduction during the terminal stance (0.002), and knee adduction during the initial swing (0.01) all showed a significant difference. In spatiotemporal data, walking speed (0.01), stance time (0.01), step length (0.005), and stride length (0.001) all showed significant differences. There were significant differences in knee flexion-extension (0.04) values. Conclusion: A change in the contralateral knee's biomechanics as a result of TKA is strongly suggested by significant alterations in the knee's stance phase, joint angle, and MAP. The research may help to modify the stride of the contralateral leg to decrease the advancement of osteoarthritis.
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Background: In non-western countries, deep squatting is a daily activity, and prolonged deep squatting is common among occupational squatters. Household tasks, taking a bath, socializing, using toilets, and performing religious acts are among the activities frequently carried out while squatting by the Asian population. High knee loading is responsible for a knee injury and osteoarthritis. Finite element analysis is an effective tool to determine stresses on the knee joint. Methods: Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Computed Tomographic (CT) images were acquired of one adult without knee injuries. The CT images were acquired at the fully extended knee and one more set of images was acquired with the knee at a deeply flexed knee position. The MRI was acquired with the fully extended knee. 3-Dimensional models of bones were created using CT and soft tissue using MRI with the help of 3D Slicer software. Kinematics and finite element analysis of the knee was performed for standing and deep squatting posture using Ansys Workbench 2022. Results: High peak stresses were observed at deep squatting compared to standing along with the reduction in the contact area. Peak von Mises stresses on femoral cartilage, tibial cartilage, patellar cartilage, and meniscus were increased from 3.3 MPa to 19.9 MPa, 2.9 MPa to 12.4 MPa, 1.5 MPa to 16.7 MPa and 15.8 MPa to 32.8 MPa respectively during deep squatting. Posterior translation of 7.01 mm, and 12.58 mm was observed for medial and lateral femoral condyle respectively from full extension to 153° knee flexion. Conclusions: Increased stresses in the knee joint at deep squat posture may cause cartilage damage. A sustained deep squat posture should be avoided for healthy knee joints. More posterior translations of the medial femoral condyle at higher knee flexion angle warrant further investigation.
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Background: Increased knee flexion is required for deep squatting in the daily life of the non-western population as well as in many sports activities. The purpose of this study was to estimate as well as to compare knee joint contact forces during heel contact (HC) and heel rise (HR) deep squatting in 10 healthy young Indian participants. Materials and Methods: Kinematic data were captured using a 12-camera Motion Analysis system. Kinetic data were collected using two Kistler force plates. EMG of 6 lower limb muscles was monitored by Noraxon wireless EMG. OpenSim musculoskeletal model was customized to increase the maximum knee flexion capability of the existing model and knee joint contact forces were estimated. Results: A significant difference in tibiofemoral (p < 0.001) as well as patellofemoral (p = 0.006) knee joint contact force was observed between HC and HR squatting. The resultant maximum tibiofemoral KJCF was 5.9 (± 0.54) times body weight (BW) and 5.3 (± 0.6) BW for the HC and HR, respectively. The resultant maximum patellofemoral KJCF was 7.8 (± 0.57) BW and 7.1 (± 0.73) BW for the HC and HR, respectively. Conclusion: The findings can provide implications for physiotherapists to design rehabilitation exercise protocols, exercise professionals, and the development of high flexion knee implants. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s43465-022-00798-y.
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This review article provides an overview of techniques used to determine human knee joint contact forces during squatting. The main two approaches are experimental and theoretical. Thigh calf contact has a significant effect on knee forces and should not be neglected. In this study, data were searched electronically and organized by techniques to find knee joint contact force during squatting theoretically and experimentally. There was a large variation in peak tibiofemoral (CV = 0.45) and patellofemoral (CV = 0.38) contact forces predicted theoretically. However, very little variation was observed between peak tibiofemoral contact forces (CV = 0.12) measured in vivo experimentally but measured knee joint force is available up to a limited knee flexion angle. There was a reduction in knee joint contact forces due to thigh calf contact. Literature of knee joint contact force prediction theoretically during squatting incorporating thigh calf contact force is very limited.
