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1.
Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports ; 34: 100772, 2022 09.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36041807

RESUMO

Ectoparasite infestations are a major concern in local poultry sector as they cause body weight loss, drop in laying performance and disease transmission. Thus, a study was conducted from April to June 2021 to assess the prevalence and clinical signs of ectoparasites in backyard chickens in Menoua, West region of Cameroon. Ectoparasites were investigated on 400 local chickens. Results showed that out of 400 chickens, 133 (33.3%) were infested with at least one species of ectoparasite. Two chewing lice including Menopon gallinae (26.3%) and Goniocotes gallinae (4.5%) and one blood-feeding louse including Menacanthus stramineus (16.0%) were identified. The prevalence was significantly associated with the sampling site (p < 0.05), with the highest prevalence recorded in Balessing (49.5%), followed by Foreke (38.8%) and Bamendou (27.1%). There was a positive and significant correlation between M. gallinae and M. stramineus (r = 0.329, p < 0.05)), M. gallinae and G. gallinae (r = 0.199, p < 0.05), M. stramineus and G. gallinae (r = 0.103, p < 0.05). Single infestation was the most frequent (19.0%) followed by double infestation which consist of M. gallinae and M. stramineus (9.5%), M. gallinae and G. gallinae (3%), and M. stramineus and G. gallinae (1.5%). The infested chickens exhibited some degree of restlessness, frequent grooming of the feathers associated with skin irritation, itching and mechanical damage on the skin. The skin lesions were localized on the cloaca, thigh, wing, neck and chest areas of the body; petechiae as well as whitish scabs were observed on the lesions. The feathers were ruffled, and the bases of some of the feathers were gnawed as a result of lice bites. In conclusion, chewing lice occur in local chickens in Menoua Division, inducing severe clinical signs. Thus, commercial poultry farms (raising exotic breeds) with access to free range chickens (local chickens) in Menoua Division are exposed to lice infestations from these local chickens. Further investigations are required in the dry season in order to be well acquainted with ectoparasites occurring in the local chickens in the area.


Assuntos
Iscnóceros , Infestações por Piolhos , Doenças das Aves Domésticas , Animais , Camarões/epidemiologia , Galinhas/parasitologia , Infestações por Piolhos/epidemiologia , Infestações por Piolhos/veterinária , Aves Domésticas , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/epidemiologia , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/parasitologia
2.
J Parasitol Res ; 2022: 9151294, 2022.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35592359

RESUMO

Helminthes affect satisfactory pig farming by causing poor growth rate and infertility. The objective of this study was to investigate the occurrence of helminthes in pig production, as well as factors influencing their prevalence in Menoua, Western Highlands of Cameroon. Thus, 597 fecal samples from 100 farms of three production types (farrower, grower, and farrow-to-finish) were collected together with data on farmer and management characteristics. Samples were qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed. Eggs of eight helminthes were identified: Hyostrongylus rubidus (81.10%, 50-550 epg), Strongyloides ransomi (34.5%, 50-150 epg), Trichostrongylus sp. (28.1%, 50-650 epg), Ascaris suum (11.6%, 50-200 epg), Metastrongylus sp. (10.4%, 50-250 epg), Oesophagostomum dentatum (5.7%, 50-150 epg), Trichuris suis (4.0%, 50-150 epg), and Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus (0.2%, 50-50 epg). The overall prevalence was 89.3% (533 out of 597). Single infestations were 30.2%, while mixed infestations were 59.1%. A. suum, S. ransomi, and strongyles (H. rubidus, Trichostrongylus sp., Metastrongylus sp., and O. dentatum) were found in almost all age groups but the prevalence of A. suum increased with the growing age to drop in older animals. H. rubidus was found in all farm types followed by S. ransomi in farrower and farrow-to-finish farms. The other parasites were present only in farrow-to-finish farms. Coccidia parasites were also found including Isospora suis (26.30%, 50-12500 oocysts per gram of feces (opg)) and Eimeria spp. (1.40%, 100-100 opg). The risk of infestation for some parasites was lower with increasing herd size, high education level of farmers, and in wooden piggeries and semipermanent structures. The infestation risk was higher for all the investigated parasites for pigs escaping the pens. The overall significance of these parasites on growth and reproduction of the naturally infested pigs deserve assessment. Necropsy studies to confirm the worm burden are needed. Risk factors were identified, thus paving the way to design successful helminth control in pig production enterprises.

3.
Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports ; 25: 100586, 2021 07.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34474781

RESUMO

Anguillicola (Anguillicoides) crassus is a swimbladder nematode parasite of Anguilla anguilla (Linnaeus, 1758). The present study investigates the morphology and pathogenicity of A. crassus in European eel, as well as, the effects of different aquatic environments on the infection of A. crassus, in Greece. A total of 268 nematodes were collected from four estuarine systems in Greece. In all collected parasites, measurements carried out to define the morphological characteristics of parasites: parasite length and width, oesophagus max length and max width. Τhe mean parasite length was 23.50 mm (95% CI: 22.42-24.58) for females, 12.95 mm (95% CI: 12.25-13.64) for the males and 6.39 mm (95% CI: 5.27-7.50) for the juveniles. The mean parasite width was 1.99 mm (95% CI: 1.88-2.10) for females, 0.93 mm (95% CI: 0.86-1.00) for males and 0.51 mm (95% CI: 0.39-0.64) for juveniles. In total, the mean intensity was found 3.15 (95% CI: 2.53-3.78), while the highest mean intensity per eel was 8.00 (95% CI: 0.00-29.51) in Tholi Lagoon and the lowest was 2.20 (95% CI: 0.36-4.04) in Amvrakikos Gulf. Longitudinal and transverse histological sections of two adults A. crassus and two swimbladders were carried out. Multiple granules were observed, as a tissue reaction of the organism to swath around the 4th stage larvae (L4) that have entered the swimbladder. Molecular analysis was performed on three female adults A. crassus derived from eel specimens coming from the Vistonis estuarine system. The high reproductive capacity of the parasite reveals that A. anguilla has low effective defense mechanisms against the parasite. Also, the morphometric variations of the A. crassus seems to have a plastic feature which is being differently expressed when exposed to various environments.


Assuntos
Anguilla , Dracunculoidea , Sacos Aéreos/parasitologia , Anguilla/parasitologia , Animais , Feminino , Grécia , Masculino , Virulência
4.
Acta Parasitol ; 66(3): 947-953, 2021 Sep.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33721185

RESUMO

PURPOSE: The main objective of this study was to assess the gastrointestinal parasitism in relation with the worm control practices (WCP) in dairy cattle in areas of major importance for dairy/milk production of Cameroon. METHODS: Fresh fecal samples were randomly collected from 402 cattle from August to October 2016 in North West Cameroon, and analyze using the McMaster technique. Data on WCP were collected using a questionnaire. RESULTS: A total of 11 parasites species were identified: Trichostrongylus sp. (5.97%); Oesophagostomum sp. (5.47%); Haemonchus sp. (2.48%); Bonostomum sp. (1.74); Cooperia sp. (1.49%). Toxocara sp (0.24%); Ostertagia sp. (0.50%); Nematodirus sp. (0.74%); Trichuris sp. (0.50%); Moniezia sp. (0.50%); Eimeria sp. (0.50%). The mean individual parasite load for helminthes and protozoa ranged from 100 to 400 eggs per gram of feces (epg) and 333-400 oocysts per gram of feces (opg), respectively. Most farmers (95.12%) used conventional drugs (Albendazole, Doramectin, Fenbendazole, Ivermectin.) to deworm animals as compared with traditional phytotherapy (e.g., Carica papaya leaves) (4.88%). The mean epg/opg in animals treated with conventional drugs was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than in those receiving traditional treatment. Animals treated less than four times a year with conventional drugs had the highest (p < 0.05) mean epg/opg compared with animals treated four to six times a year. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that treating at least four times a year with conventional drugs, and at least two times a year with traditional approaches could help reducing GIP burden in dairy cattle in North West Cameroon. Since the majority of farmers use conventional drugs, it is imperative for them to appropriately use these conventional drugs for a better control of GIP on their farms.


Assuntos
Doenças dos Bovinos , Eimeria , Haemonchus , Enteropatias Parasitárias , Infecções por Nematoides , Animais , Camarões/epidemiologia , Bovinos , Doenças dos Bovinos/epidemiologia , Fezes , Enteropatias Parasitárias/tratamento farmacológico , Enteropatias Parasitárias/epidemiologia , Enteropatias Parasitárias/veterinária , Infecções por Nematoides/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por Nematoides/epidemiologia , Infecções por Nematoides/veterinária , Contagem de Ovos de Parasitas/veterinária
5.
Vet Med Sci ; 6(1): 82-91, 2020 02.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31682081

RESUMO

African swine fever (ASF), erysipelas and many other infectious and parasitic diseases have seriously compromised the future of pig industry in the Western Highlands of Cameroon. Since implementation of biosecurity measures (BM) is known to reduce the risk of disease transmission, the objective of this study was to describe the pig farming management system as well as the biosecurity practices on pig farms in the Western Highlands of Cameroon. Therefore, 97 farms were investigated using a face-to-face interview-based questionnaire. Biosecurity practices were divided in three components: isolation, traffic control and sanitation. The results revealed that the majority of farms were extensive (73.22%), farrow-to-finish farms (59.79%) and essentially raising crossed-bred (72.75%). The most practiced BM regarding 'isolation' were as follows: maintenance of the minimum distance between farms (56.06%) and dispatching of animals of same age in the same room (97.16%); for 'traffic control', the measures included the following: assignment of specific tools and equipment (96.86%) to a specific piggery; concerning 'sanitation', daily cleaning (97.06%), as well as using disinfectants (89.13%) were mostly implemented. The measures less implemented for 'isolation' included fencing (11.83%), compliance with the all-in all-out principle (10.11%), use of specific clothing (6.03%) and quarantine (7.69%); for 'traffic control', the less adopted measures comprised visitor hands washed before animal handling (11.65%), respect of linear flow principle (13.52%). Concerning 'sanitation', these measures included functional footbath (29.90%), processing of drinking water (27.84%) and cleanout (18.14%). The biosecurity level was low, intermediate and high for 73.71, 21.55 and 4.73% of farms, respectively. This low level suggests that ASF and other diseases are likely to remain endemic. The most important measures of concern and to improve are as follows: not feeding kitchen waste to pigs; keeping other livestock species away from pigs; fencing pig barn; keeping newly arrived animals in quarantine, not exchanging boars; not selling sick animals.


Assuntos
Criação de Animais Domésticos/métodos , Abrigo para Animais/estatística & dados numéricos , Sus scrofa , Doenças dos Suínos/prevenção & controle , Animais , Camarões , Saneamento/estatística & dados numéricos , Suínos
6.
Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis ; 67: 101370, 2019 Dec.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31630034

RESUMO

Salmonella infections in poultry farms are overlooked in many African countries; yet these infections are mostly zoonotic with impact on both poultry industry and public health. Considering the impact of Salmonella in laying hens, and the role of laying hens as a source of Salmonella outbreak in human, knowledge of the status of Salmonella on laying hen farms as well as the factors influencing the presence of Salmonella is important. In a cross sectional study, cloacal swabs were collected from 270 commercial laying hens on 27 farms located in Menoua Division. These samples were cultured on standard media. A questionnaire was used to collect information on animals, farms and farmer's characteristics. The prevalence of Salmonella was 93.34%; three zoonotic isolates namely S. Enteritidis (75.90%), S. Paratyphi (11.90%), and S. Typhimurium (5.60%) were identified. The location of farms was significantly associated with presence of Salmonella, and the risk of infection was 10-fold higher in Nkong-ni than Santchou (p < 0.05). Other potential risk factors such as flock size, age of the farm (infrastructure), or water source were not associated with Salmonella infection. The prophylactic measures against avian diseases in the country must include measures against Salmonella to protect poultry industry and public health.


Assuntos
Galinhas/microbiologia , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/epidemiologia , Salmonelose Animal/epidemiologia , Salmonella enteritidis/isolamento & purificação , Salmonella paratyphi A/isolamento & purificação , Salmonella typhimurium/isolamento & purificação , Criação de Animais Domésticos , Animais , Camarões/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , Surtos de Doenças , Fazendas/estatística & dados numéricos , Feminino , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/microbiologia , Saúde Pública/métodos , Fatores de Risco , Salmonelose Animal/microbiologia , Inquéritos e Questionários
7.
Vet Med Int ; 2019: 3796369, 2019.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30834103

RESUMO

The epidemiology of avian influenza is unknown in Cameroon despite the two outbreaks that occurred in 2006 and 2016-2017, respectively. In order to fill the gap, an attempt was made to provide some basic information on the epidemiology of highly pathogenic avian influenza in Cameroon. Thus, data were collected from follow-up reports of the second HPAI outbreaks prepared by the veterinary health officials of Cameroon and sent to the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE). Two HPAI virus strains (H5N1 and H5N8) turned out to occur, with H5N1 virus involved in the Center, South, West, and Adamawa regions outbreaks and H5N8 involved in the Far North outbreak only. The affected hosts were the laying hens, backyard chickens, turkeys, guinea fowls, ducks, broiler and layer breeders, and geese for the H5N1 virus and the Indian peafowl (Pavo cristatus), pigeon, ducks, backyard chickens, and guinea fowls for the H5N8 virus. The first outbreak took place in Mvog-Betsi poultry complex in the Center region on the 20th May 2016 and spread to other regions. The mortality rate varied from 8% to 72% for H5N1 virus and was 96.26% for the H5N8 strain in Indian peafowl. No human case was recorded. The potential supporting factors for disease dissemination identified on the field were the following: poultry and eggs dealers moving from one farm, market, or town to another without any preventive care; poor biosecurity measures on farms and live poultry markets. After the first HPAI H5N1 virus outbreak in 2006, the second HPAI outbreak ten years later (2016-2017) involving two virus strains is a cause of concern for the poultry industry. The Cameroon Epidemio-Surveillance Network needs to be more watchful.

8.
J Parasitol Res ; 2018: 8242486, 2018.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30584473

RESUMO

Internal parasites are limiting factors to successful, sustainable livestock production. Knowledge on how they are dealt with is important to prevent resistance to anthelmintics. The aim of this study was to describe the internal parasitism of indoor pigs in Bamboutos Division in Cameroon, as well as the attendant worm control practices. Thus, 324 pigs from 50 small scale farms were sampled for feces which were qualitatively and quantitatively examined for parasite eggs, cysts, or oocysts. Data on worm control practices were also collected. The overall prevalence was 74.7% (95 % Confidence Interval (CI): 69.6-79.3%) and the overall mean egg/oocyst per gram of feces (epg/opg) was 304.1±1218.0. The following parasites were found: Strongylid parasites (58.6%; epg= 105.0±134.7); Coccidia (26.9; opg=517.2± 1862.1); Strongyloides ransomi (25.9%; epg=61.9± 40.8); A. suum (3.7%. epg=50±0); Metastrongylus sp (0.9%; epg=50±0); Trichuris suis (0.9%; epg=50±0); and Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus (0.62%; epg=50±0). Single to septuple infestations occurred. The majority of farmers resorted to modern veterinary services (64%) and mostly used conventional drugs (88%). Internal parasitism was associated with the person in charge of animal health, the implementation of a prophylaxis program on the farm, and the annual deworming frequency. The implementation of a prophylaxis program significantly reduced the overall egg/oocyst load while high treatment frequency (more than thrice a year) did not, indicating that prophylaxis measures such as general hygiene must be reinforced in pig herds in the country, and the treatment frequency reduced as much as possible to prevent the selection of anthelmintic resistance.

9.
Vet Med Int ; 2018: 9173646, 2018.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29977495

RESUMO

Biosecurity plays an irreplaceable role in preventing diseases and increasing productivity on farm. The main objective of this study was to characterize pig farming and investigate factors influencing biosecurity on pig farms in the western highlands of Cameroon. Data were collected from May to July 2017 using a questionnaire and observations. A technical scoring system was developed from the biosecurity measures. The results revealed that most farmers are males (76.29%), on average 47.82 ± 10.34 years old, with secondary school level (53.61%). The most common husbandry system is extensive (73.22%). Over a total score of 93, measures with higher scores (>80) included "employees do not rear pigs at home," "animals of different age not in the same room," "unsold animals from market quarantined prior to reintroduction into the herd," "production materials not exchanged among farms," "piggeries clean every day," "disinfectants used," "pigs vaccinated," and "vaccination calendar respected." Those with the lowest score (<6) were "sanitary lock present," "use of herd specific clean coveralls and boots on farm," and "entry restriction sign post present." The biosecurity level was associated with production system, with the score 6.57 and 3.66 points lower for extensive and semi-intensive farms, respectively, than for intensive system. Farmer's age, gender, education level, and herd size did not affect the level of biosecurity. The results can be used to improve the general biosecurity status in pig herds in the country which in turn will lead, as observed elsewhere, to improved technical performance and economic gain.

10.
Trop Anim Health Prod ; 50(7): 1529-1538, 2018 Oct.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29687218

RESUMO

The recent outbreak of avian influenza in the poultry sector of Cameroon has raised a concern about the level of implementation of biosecurity measures (BM) on poultry farms. Therefore, a study using a questionnaire on 102 randomly selected poultry farms was undertaken. Some measures with high adoption levels (> 90%) included "protection of airing openings of poultry barns by a wire mesh," "no external animal allowed to enter the farm," "respect of all-in all-out principle," "functional footbath," "rodent control," and "feedstuff protection from access to rodents." The least implemented measures (less than 20%) were "wearing of dedicated clothing (clean coveralls and boots) by workers," "disinfection of visitors," and "presence of storage room for dead animals." Only for "isolation" component of biosecurity, compliance with biosecurity measures was good, with more than 50% of farms having an adoption rate greater than 75%. The mean biosecurity score for the assessed farms was 19.29 ± 1.89 for a maximum score of 38 points. The score was significantly and positively correlated (p < 0.05) with the number of chicken and the geographic location of farms. The other results showed that the mean number of broiler per cycle was 550.82 ± 76 for a stocking density of 27.20 ± 6.64 birds per m2. In conclusion, broiler production in the Western highland is dominated by small-scale units with low level of biosecurity practices positively and significantly (p < 0.05) influenced by some production characteristics. To improve biosecurity practices in the area, efforts must focus on measures concerning "sanitation" and "traffic control" components of biosecurity.


Assuntos
Criação de Animais Domésticos/métodos , Surtos de Doenças/prevenção & controle , Surtos de Doenças/veterinária , Fazendas , Influenza Aviária/epidemiologia , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/epidemiologia , Animais , Camarões , Galinhas , Geografia , Influenza Aviária/prevenção & controle , Aves Domésticas , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/prevenção & controle , Segurança , Inquéritos e Questionários
11.
Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports ; 14: 131-136, 2018 12.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31014718

RESUMO

Ticks are the cause of economic loss in animal husbandry and a cause of concern in public health. Therefore this study was carried out to identify the tick species occurring in indigenous small ruminants and investigate factors influencing their occurrence in Dja et Lobo in the South Region of Cameroon. Ticks were collected from 397 animals (sheep and goats) from 90 farms and identified morphologically. Data on potential risk factors were also collected. 6.5% (26 out of 397) of animals were infested with three adult, ixodid tick species: Amblyomma variegatum (6.5%), Rhipicephalus evertsi (3.5%) and R. sanguineus (1.5%). The infestation rate was significantly higher (p < .05) in A variegatum than in R. evertsi and R. sanguineus infestations. The relative abundance for A. variegatum, R. evertsi and R. sanguineus was 72.22%, 19.44% and 8.33% respectively. The mean tick load was low (0.36 ±â€¯1.45). The mean load of A. variegatum was 3.71 and 8.66 times significantly higher (p < .05) than that of R. evertsi and R. sanguineus respectively. The frequency of acaricide use significantly affected the tick load of animals; animals irregularly treated for tick infestation had higher tick load than untreated animals. All other factors (animal species, gender and age, location of farms and farmer's knowledge of tick) were not significant. Such a practice (irregular treatment) needs to be corrected for better productivity of small ruminants in the Region. Because of the presence of A. variegatum in the area, introduction of new genetic materials (exotic breeds) should be well thought of and handled with care.


Assuntos
Ruminantes/parasitologia , Infestações por Carrapato/veterinária , Carrapatos/fisiologia , Animais , Camarões/epidemiologia , Fazendas , Feminino , Doenças das Cabras/epidemiologia , Doenças das Cabras/parasitologia , Cabras/parasitologia , Ixodidae/fisiologia , Masculino , Rhipicephalus/fisiologia , Estações do Ano , Ovinos/parasitologia , Doenças dos Ovinos/epidemiologia , Doenças dos Ovinos/parasitologia , Infestações por Carrapato/epidemiologia
12.
BMC Vet Res ; 13(1): 196, 2017 Jun 26.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28651534

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Farm animals are usually suspected to transmit infections to humans. Domestic cavies (Cavia porcellus) are hosts to a variety of pathogens, some of which are zoonotic. Several parasites including the protozoa Giardia spp. and Cryptosporidium spp. may be causative agents of gastrointestinal disorders in domestic cavies and humans. The aim of the study was to investigate the occurrence of potentially zoonotic protozoa as well as any potential zoonotic gastrointestinal parasite in domestic cavies raised under a semi extensive system in the rural areas of Cameroon. RESULTS: Giardia/Cryptosporidium antigens were detected in 12.90% of cavies. Helminthe eggs were found in 1.52% of animals. The prevalence of Paraspidodera uncinata, Heligmosomoides polygyrus (also known as Nematospiroides dubius) and Trichuris sp. was 1% (4/397), 0.3% (1/397), and 0.3% (1/397), respectively. Presence of Giardia/Cryptosporidium was unrelated to the occurrence of diarrhea, as none of the positive samples was from a diarrheic individual. CONCLUSION: Domestic cavies are hosts of Giardia/Cryptosporidium and appear as potential source of human giardiasis, cryptosporidiosis and infection with H. polygyrus in Cameroon. In keeping with the One Health Initiative, veterinarians and medical doctors should collaborate to address the problem of Giardia and Cryptosporidium infection in cavies and cavy breeders both in Cameroon and other countries with a similar cavy breeding system. Follow-up studies are required to further taxonomically characterize these cavy parasites and to determine their routes of transmission to humans.


Assuntos
Criptosporidiose/parasitologia , Gastroenteropatias/veterinária , Giardíase/veterinária , Cobaias , Infecções por Nematoides/veterinária , Animais , Camarões/epidemiologia , Criptosporidiose/epidemiologia , Diarreia/epidemiologia , Diarreia/parasitologia , Diarreia/veterinária , Fezes/parasitologia , Gastroenteropatias/epidemiologia , Gastroenteropatias/parasitologia , Giardíase/epidemiologia , Giardíase/parasitologia , Infecções por Nematoides/epidemiologia , Infecções por Nematoides/parasitologia , Prevalência , Zoonoses
13.
BMC Vet Res ; 11: 288, 2015 Nov 26.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26612729

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Domestic cavies (Cavia porcellus) are increasingly reared in rural areas of Cameroon for meat and income generation. Unfortunately, health constraints due to various pathogens including parasites stand as one of the major obstacles to the development of cavy industry in the country. The main objective of this study was to investigate the species of gastrointestinal parasites in cavy husbandry in the western highlands of Cameroon and to detect external parasites in those animals affected with dermatological disorders. METHODS: Pooled fecal samples were collected from 62 privately-own farms, as well as individual fecal samples from 21 animals at the Teaching and Research Farm of the University of Dschang, and examined for parasite eggs and oocysts/cysts. Ectoparasites were also collected from cavies and identified. RESULTS: The overall infection rate with both helminthes and arthropods was 40.3 %. Ectoparasites were found in 19 out of 62 farms (30.6 %) while 12.9 % of farms were infected with helminthes. Eggs of Graphidium strigosum (8.1 %), Trichostrongylus sp. (3.2 %) and Paraspidodera uncinata (3.2 %) were found at farm level. Oocysts of Eimeria caviae and eggs of Paraspidodera uncinata were found in 14.3 and 9.5 % of examined animals respectively. Concerning ectoparasites, Cordylobia anthropophaga and Pulex sp. were observed in 25.8 % and 6.6 % of farms respectively. CONCLUSION: The parasites are apparently composed of host-specific species in the original habitat (South America) and species acquired later from other mammals. These parasites are either deleterious to cavy health or zoonotic. Preventive measures should be put in practice to avoid their presence on farms due to their harmful effect on cavy rearing.


Assuntos
Ectoparasitoses/veterinária , Gastroenteropatias/veterinária , Cobaias , Doenças Parasitárias em Animais/parasitologia , Animais , Camarões/epidemiologia , Ectoparasitoses/epidemiologia , Ectoparasitoses/parasitologia , Fezes/parasitologia , Gastroenteropatias/epidemiologia , Gastroenteropatias/parasitologia , Doenças Parasitárias em Animais/epidemiologia
14.
J Pathog ; 2015: 516869, 2015.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26770829

RESUMO

A study on the acaricidal properties of foam soap containing the essential oil of Chenopodium ambrosioides leaves was carried out on Rhipicephalus lunulatus. Four doses (0.03, 0.06, 0.09, and 0.12 µL of essential oil per gram of soap) and a control (soap without essential oil) with four replications for each treatment were used for in vitro trial. Each replication consisted of 10 ticks in a Petri dish with filter paper impregnated with the foam soap on the bottom. Following in vitro trials, three doses (0.06, 0.09, and 0.12 µL/g) and the control in two replications were selected for in vivo test based on mortality rate recorded from the in vitro trial. Each replication was made up of 10 goats naturally infested with ticks. Results show that soap containing essential oil is toxic to R. lunulatus. The in vivo mortality rate in the control on day 8 was 22.69% whereas the highest dose (0.12 µL/g) killed 96.29% of the ticks on day 8. The LD50 of the foam soap containing essential oil was 0.037 and 0.059 µL/g on day 2 in the laboratory and on the farm, respectively. This indicates the potentially high efficiency of this medicated soap on this parasite.

15.
Vet J ; 202(1): 146-52, 2014 Oct.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25155306

RESUMO

A cross-sectional serological survey was carried out to screen the small ruminants of Thessaly, Greece, for infection with Haemonchus contortus, lungworms (i.e. Cystocaulus ocreatus, Muellerius capillaris, Protostrongylus rufescens and Neostrongylus linearis) as a group, and for Cysticercus tenuicolis, Linguatula serrata and Oestrus ovis. A second objective was to determine the risk factors related to herd characteristics, management practices, farmer status and bioclimatic variables associated with these parasitic infections. A total of 361 sheep and 179 goat serum samples were examined. The seroprevalences were 33.9%, 41.5%, 14.1%, 4.6% and 1.4% for H. contortus, lungworms, L. serrata, C. tenuicolis and O. ovis, respectively. The final logistic regression model showed that farm location and temperature were associated with H. contortus, lungworm and L. serrata infections. Anthelmintic treatment, class of anthelmintic and rotation of grazing were associated with H. contortus and lungworm infections, while grazing with other herds was associated with lungworm and L. serrata infections; rain was associated with H. contortus and L. serrata infections. Farm type and age of farmer were associated with H. contortus infections and elevation was associated with lungworm infection. The results may help to formulate appropriate control strategies in Greece and other areas with similar climatic conditions in order to channel limited resources to mitigate only those risk factors which are significant to protect the profitability of the livestock industry.


Assuntos
Doenças das Cabras/parasitologia , Doenças Parasitárias em Animais/epidemiologia , Doenças dos Ovinos/parasitologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Criação de Animais Domésticos , Animais , Axitinibe , Estudos Transversais , Coleta de Dados , Feminino , Doenças das Cabras/economia , Doenças das Cabras/epidemiologia , Cabras , Humanos , Imidazóis , Indazóis , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Doenças Parasitárias em Animais/economia , Fatores de Risco , Estudos Soroepidemiológicos , Ovinos , Doenças dos Ovinos/economia , Doenças dos Ovinos/epidemiologia , Adulto Jovem
16.
Infect Genet Evol ; 26: 255-66, 2014 Aug.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24951834

RESUMO

Maximum entropy ecological niche modeling was utilized to describe the global geographic distribution of Trichinella species and genotypes and to assess their invasive risk in new areas other than the ones currently known. Also, space-time scan statistic was utilized to identify global spatiotemporal clusters of infection. A database containing 3209 records for 12 species and genotypes identified at the International Trichinella Reference Center (ITRC) as well as climate, elevation, and land cover data extracted from various databases were used. Ecological niche modeling implemented in the Maxent program indicated new potential ranges for T. spiralis (T1), T. nativa (T2), T. britovi (T3), T. pseudospiralis (T4), T. murrelli (T5), T6, T. papuae (T10), and T. zimbabwensis (T11). The area under the curve values for the test data of the models ranged from 0.901 to 0.998, indicating that the models were very good to excellent. The most important bioclimatic factor in modeling the ranges for T. spiralis (T1), T. nativa (T2), T. britovi (T3), T6, and T. zimbabwensis (T11) was temperature, for T. pseudospiralis (T4) and T. papuae (T10) was precipitation, and for T. murrelli (T5) was land cover. T. spiralis (T1), T. britovi (T3), and T. pseudospiralis (T4) had the same primary land cover which was "Grass Crops". The primary land covers were "Conifer Boreal Forest" for T. nativa (T2), "Cool Fields and Woods" for T. murrelli (T5), "Upland Tundra" for T6, "Tropical Rainforest" for T. papuae (T10), and "Crops and Town" for T. zimbabwensis (T11). The scan statistic analyses revealed the presence of significant spatiotemporal clusters (p<0.05) for T. spiralis (T1), T. nativa (T2), T. britovi (T3), T. pseudospiralis (T4), T. murrelli (T5), T6, and T. nelsoni (T7). No significant clusters were found for T. papuae (T10) and T. zimbabwensis (T11).


Assuntos
Genótipo , Saúde Global , Trichinella/genética , Triquinelose/epidemiologia , Triquinelose/parasitologia , Animais , Bases de Dados Factuais , Meio Ambiente , Geografia , Humanos , Modelos Estatísticos , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Análise Espaço-Temporal
17.
Parasit Vectors ; 6(1): 283, 2013 Sep 27.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24289520

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Annual community-directed treatment with ivermectin (CDTI) have been carried out since 1999 in the Lekie division (central region of Cameroon where most cases of Loa-related post ivermectin severe adverse events were reported) as part of the joined activities of the African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control (APOC) and Mectizan® Donation Program (MDP). As large-scale administration of ivermetine was demonstrated to be an efficient means to control loiasis transmission, it was hypothesized that CDTI would have lowered or halted the transmission of Loa loa in the Lekie division after 13 years of annual drug administration, indicating a possible reduction in the occurrence of Loa-related post-ivermectin severe adverse events. METHODS: A 4-month entomologic study was carried out from March to June 2012 in the Lekie division to evaluate the impact of 13 years of CDTI on the transmission of L. loa whose baseline data were recorded in 1999-2000. RESULTS: There was a significant reduction in the infection rate for Chrysops silacea and C. dimidiata from 6.8 and 9% in 1999-2000 to 3 and 3.6% in 2012, respectively. The differences in the infective rate (IR) (percentage of flies harboring head L3 larvae), potential infective rate (PIR) (percentage of flies bearing L3 larvae), mean head L3 larvae load (MHL3) (average L3 per infective fly) and mean fly L3 larvae load (MFL3) (average L3 per potentially infective fly) for both C. silacea and C. dimidiata were not significantly different between the two investigation periods. The biting density (BD) was almost three-fold higher in 2012 for C. silacea but not for C. dimidiata. The transmission potential (TP) which is a function of the BD, was higher in the present study than in the baseline investigation for each species. CONCLUSION: The infection rate remaining high, the high TP and the stability observed in the IR, PIR, MHL3 and MFL3 after 13 years of CDTI suggest that transmission of L. loa is still active. This is an indication that the risk of occurrence of severe adverse events such as fatal encephalopathies is still present, especially for heavily microfilaria-loaded people taken ivermectin for the first time.


Assuntos
Dípteros/parasitologia , Inseticidas/uso terapêutico , Ivermectina/uso terapêutico , Loa/isolamento & purificação , Loíase/epidemiologia , Loíase/transmissão , Oncocercose/prevenção & controle , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Animais , Camarões , Feminino , Humanos , Larva , Loíase/prevenção & controle , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Carga Parasitária , Adulto Jovem
18.
Parasitol Int ; 62(6): 554-60, 2013 Dec.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23994572

RESUMO

A cross-sectional serological study was carried out to screen the sheep and goat population of Thessaly, Greece for evidence of infection with Toxoplasma, Toxocara, Leishmania, and Echinococcus and to determine the risk factors related to herd characteristics, herd management practices, farmer status, and the bioclimatic variables associated with these zoonotic parasitic infections. A total of 540 sheep and goat serum samples were examined. The seroprevalence of infection in all examined animals was 24.5% for Toxoplasma, 32% for Toxocara, 0% for Leishmania and 85.9% for Echinococcus. The final logistic regression model showed that the species of small ruminant, herd size, anthelmintic treatment, class of anthelmintic treatment, grazing with other herds, educational level of farmer, elevation of farm location, and generalized land cover were associated with Toxoplasma gondii infections, while the species of small ruminant, farm type, anthelmintic treatment, class of anthelmintic treatment, rotation of grazing, age of farmer, elevation of farm location, and generalized land cover were associated with Toxocara canis infections. Antibodies to T. gondii were detected in 102 (28.3%) of 360 sheep and in 30 (16.8%) of 179 goats. Animals in small flocks (150-300 animals) had an approximately 0.42-fold lower risk of having positive cases of T. gondii among animals compared with large flocks (>300 animals). Antibodies to T. canis were found in 155 (42.9%) of 361 sheep and 18 (10.1%) of 179 goats. The later finding constitutes the first report of seropositive goats to Toxocara. The risk of positivity for T. canis was 7.71-fold higher in sheep than in goats. Geographically, animals from plain areas had 2.9 and 2.01-fold higher risk of having positive cases of T. gondii and T. canis respectively. The significant bioclimatic variables (p<0.05) associated with the occurrence locations of T. gondii infection were related to higher temperature, lower precipitation, and lower elevation compared to the absence locations of T. gondii. The significant bioclimatic variables (p<0.05) associated with occurrence locations of T. canis infection were related to lower temperature and higher precipitation compared to absence locations of T. canis. These findings are useful to formulate appropriate control strategies for zoonotic parasites of sheep and goats in Greece and other areas with similar climatic conditions.


Assuntos
Equinococose/veterinária , Doenças das Cabras/epidemiologia , Leishmaniose Visceral/veterinária , Doenças dos Ovinos/epidemiologia , Toxocaríase/epidemiologia , Toxoplasmose Animal/epidemiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Animais , Anticorpos Antiprotozoários/sangue , Estudos Transversais , Equinococose/epidemiologia , Equinococose/parasitologia , Echinococcus granulosus/imunologia , Echinococcus granulosus/isolamento & purificação , Doenças das Cabras/parasitologia , Cabras , Grécia/epidemiologia , Humanos , Leishmania infantum/imunologia , Leishmania infantum/isolamento & purificação , Leishmaniose Visceral/epidemiologia , Leishmaniose Visceral/parasitologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fatores de Risco , Estudos Soroepidemiológicos , Ovinos , Doenças dos Ovinos/parasitologia , Toxocara canis/imunologia , Toxocara canis/isolamento & purificação , Toxocaríase/parasitologia , Toxoplasma/imunologia , Toxoplasma/isolamento & purificação , Toxoplasmose Animal/parasitologia , Adulto Jovem , Zoonoses
19.
Int J Parasitol ; 41(7): 747-53, 2011 Jun.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21329694

RESUMO

Maximum entropy ecological niche modelling was utilised to predict the geographic range for fluke genotypes and haplotypes in south-eastern Europe, using the Maxent program. The lowest (0.832) and the highest (0.947) area under the curve values were observed in the models for the haplotypes CtCmt1 and CtCmt2.2, respectively. Precipitation and temperature contribute equally to model building of the genotypes based on the 28S rDNA gene. In regard to the mtDNA gene region, precipitation is the most important factor in modelling the CtCmt1 haplotype range, while temperature appears to be the most important factor in modelling the CtCmt2.1 and CtCmt2.2 haplotype ranges. The highest level of probability for the geographic distribution of Fasciola hepatica genotypes and haplotypes covered the regions of southern Bulgaria and central and northern Greece which contain a high concentration of potential ruminant hosts.


Assuntos
Fasciola hepatica/isolamento & purificação , Fasciolíase/veterinária , Hepatopatias Parasitárias/veterinária , Modelos Estatísticos , Ruminantes/parasitologia , Animais , DNA de Helmintos/genética , DNA Ribossômico/genética , Europa (Continente)/epidemiologia , Europa Oriental/epidemiologia , Fasciolíase/epidemiologia , Hepatopatias Parasitárias/epidemiologia , Hepatopatias Parasitárias/parasitologia , Filogeografia , RNA Ribossômico 28S/genética
20.
Parasitol Int ; 59(4): 556-9, 2010 Dec.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-20673811

RESUMO

Gastrointestinal (GI) parasitic infections of beef cattle were investigated in 15 farms from 3 different regions of Greece, characterized by temperate Mediterranean climate, during two years. A total of 262 faecal samples were collected. Helminth eggs were detected in 42 (16%) samples. Strongyle-type eggs were found in 28 (10.7%) samples, Strongyloides spp. and Toxocara spp. eggs in 8 (3.1%) samples each, and Capillaria spp. and Moniezia spp. eggs in 1 (0.4%) sample each. Coccidian oocysts were found in 123 (46.9%) samples. A logistic regression model showed that the age of animals, the number of employees, and the region of animals were associated with coccidian infections. There was almost a four-fold increase in the risk of coccidian infections in calves less than 12 months old compared with animals that were more than 36 months old (p<0.05). The risk of coccidian infections was 0.07, 0.18 and 0.27-fold lower for farms with 1, 2 and 3 employees respectively compared to farms with 4 employees; farms with less than 4 employees had a protective effect (p<0.05 in all cases). Almost a four-fold increased risk of coccidian infections was shown for animals from Epirus compared with those from Thessaly (p<0.05). These findings are useful to formulate appropriate control strategies for coccidian parasites of beef cattle in Greece and other areas with similar climatic conditions.


Assuntos
Doenças dos Bovinos/epidemiologia , Doenças dos Bovinos/parasitologia , Clima , Coccidiose/veterinária , Helmintíase Animal/epidemiologia , Enteropatias Parasitárias/veterinária , Animais , Capillaria/isolamento & purificação , Bovinos , Coccídios/isolamento & purificação , Coccidiose/parasitologia , Fezes/parasitologia , Grécia/epidemiologia , Helmintíase Animal/parasitologia , Enteropatias Parasitárias/epidemiologia , Enteropatias Parasitárias/parasitologia , Contagem de Ovos de Parasitas , Estações do Ano , Strongyloides/isolamento & purificação , Toxocara/isolamento & purificação
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