Psychotherapy with HIV-infected clients: factors influencing notification of third parties.

This article investigates psychologists' reactions to a hypothetical case involving an HIV-positive client who is involved in a monogamous relationship and whose behavior places his partner at risk. Results indicate that respondents attribute more responsibility to the client to protect his partner when the relationship is heterosexual rather than homosexual. Respondents attribute greater responsibility to the client's partner for self-protection when the relationship is a short-term, homosexual relationship. Regardless of relationship type, a majority of respondents feel an ethical responsibility to protect the partner and seem willing to break confidentiality to do so if necessary. There is not, however, clear agreement about this course of action. Alternative strategies for assisting client disclosure are discussed.

Exercise responses to running and in-line skating at self-selected paces.

Exercise responses to running and in-line skating at self-selected paces. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., Vol. 28, No. 2, pp. 247-250, 1996. The purpose of this investigation was to compare physiological responses to in-line skating and running at preferred levels of exertion. Ten males and ten females performed 15 min of in-line skating or running on two separate days. Subjects were instructed to exercise at an intensity that represented an effective cardiovascular workout. Heart rate (HR) and oxygen consumption (VO2) were monitored continuously using a portable, telemetric, open-circuit spirometry system. Subjects maintained steady rate VO2 over minutes 11-15 of in-line skating and running at speeds (mean +/- SD) of 21.7 +/- 2.4 and 12.2 +/- 2.3 km.h-1, respectively. A significantly higher (P = 0.03) VO2 (mean +/- SEM, 44.0 +/- 1.7 ml.kg-1.min-1) was observed during running compared with in-line skating (42.0 +/- 2.0 ml.kg-1.min-1), but there were no differences in ventilation, HR, or rating of perceived exertion. Consistent with the results of previous investigations, we conclude that in-line skating is an appropriate form of exercise for improving cardiorespiratory fitness. Future studies should compare the cardiovascular training effects of in-line skating and running in individuals of varying levels of fitness and skating ability.

Time-domain ultrasonography during pregnancy.

Time-domain ultrasonography is an alternative to Doppler analysis of blood flow direction and velocity. The technique uses timing information between successive echo pulses to measure flow velocities directly through a color display map. Volume flow quantification also can be achieved by combining time-domain methods with M-mode ultrasonography. This report describes our preliminary experiences with fetal vascular imaging by time-domain ultrasonography, compares Doppler peak velocity correlation to time-domain sonography, and examines the in vitro accuracy of time-domain sonography combined with M-mode volume flow measurements. Excellent agreement was found between peak Doppler velocity measurements and time-domain ultrasonography for a variety of maternal and fetal vessels (N = 29). Close volume-flow correlation was observed between a flow pump and time-domain ultrasonography under constant and pulsatile conditions. Time-domain ultrasonography appears to be a useful alternative to Doppler techniques for imaging small fetal vessels and also may provide the basis for accurate volume flow measurements during pregnancy.