[Experiences with the conversion of legal regulations in practice]. / Erfahrungen bei der Umsetzung rechtlicher Regelungen in die Praxis.

An intensive preparation is necessary to make legal regulations work in practice. Examples are given how the registration procedure of a livestock enterprise is performed. Firstly, the owner has to declare the type of keeping system and the animal species. Secondly, he has to apply for a registration number which is related to the farm site and which is listed in the geographical information system (GIS). The particular procedures of licensing livestock operations and their facilities this according to the animal transport regulation (Viehverkehrsordnung) and the animal disease act (Binnenmarkt-Tierseuchenverordnung) are explained. The precise registration and licensing of facilities and operations is important for common market trade and the issuing of health certificates. Health certificates have to show name and address of facilities and operations and can give the registration number or license number. The control actions of the veterinary service are described when the arrival of an animal transport is announced and how to prevent the spread of infectious diseases in case of danger. Special regulations for the import of animals such as quarantine and laboratory tests are explained.

Comparison between transient isotachophoretic capillary zone electrophoresis and reversed-phase liquid chromatography for the determination of peptides in plasma.

Low levels of peptide drugs in human plasma can be determined employing off-line solid-phase extraction, followed by capillary zone electrophoresis with UV detection. A bioanalytical procedure is presented, using gonadorelin and angiotensin II in human plasma as model compounds. The solid-phase extraction method, based on a weak cation exchange mechanism, is able to remove interfering endogenous components from the plasma sample, extract the model peptides quantitatively, and give a possibility of concentrating the sample at the same time. Transient isotachophoretic conditions were kept to increase the sample loadability by about two orders of magnitude. Up to about 70% of the capillary was filled with the reconstituted extract, whereafter the peptides were selectively concentrated during the first 15 min. Subsequently, the concentrated sample zones were separated under capillary zone electrophoresis conditions, showing the technique's high resolution. For the model cationic peptides (gonadorelin, angiotensin II) good linearity and reproducibility was observed in the 20-100 ng/mL concentration range. A more extensive washing procedure permits quantitation of gonadorelin at the 5 ng/mL level. In comparison with a liquid chromatography analysis, superior mass sensitivity and separation are obtained with the transient isotachophoretic capillary zone electrophoresis method. Moreover, in this case equivalent sensitivity is achieved when it is directly compared with a liquid chromatography method with UV detection, keeping in mind that 60 times more sample is needed for the latter method. A further gain in sensitivity can be obtained when the analysis is combined with native fluorescence detection, as is demonstrated by combining liquid chromatography separation with fluorescence detection.