RESUMO
PROBLEM: IL-11 is a cytokine with pleiotropic activities, including gestational effects. Whereas IL-11 production by maternal reproductive tissues is extensively studied, there is poor information about IL-11 sources in the fetal counterpart of the maternal-fetal unit. METHOD OF STUDY: We investigated the expression of IL-11 in the purified human term placenta macrophages, using flow cytometry and immunoenzyme assay. RESULTS: Intracellular IL-11 was detected in a substantial proportion of cultured CD68(+) cells (median 38%). IL-11 secretion by the placental macrophages was observed after 23-hr cultivation (median 4.3 pg/10(5) cells). Stimulation with lipopolysaccharide did not significantly change both intracellular expression and secretion of the cytokine. CONCLUSION: Demonstrated IL-11 expression by placental macrophages suggests that non-trophoblast cells contribute to IL-11 production at the maternal-fetal interface and thus account for the reproductive effects of the cytokine.
Assuntos
Interleucina-11/metabolismo , Macrófagos/imunologia , Placenta/imunologia , Antígenos CD/análise , Antígenos de Diferenciação Mielomonocítica/análise , Células Cultivadas , Feminino , Citometria de Fluxo , Humanos , Técnicas Imunoenzimáticas , Lipopolissacarídeos/imunologia , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Placenta/metabolismo , Gravidez , RNA Mensageiro/genética , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismoRESUMO
[reaction: see text] A simplified synthesis of N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC)Pd-carboxylate complexes and their activity in Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reactions are described. Coupling of sterically hindered aryl and activated alkyl chlorides bearing beta-hydrogens has been successfully achieved.
