Temporal and spatial variations of the Vienna aerosol.

For several intensive sampling periods the mass concentration, light extinction, light scattering and light absorption coefficients, and the mass size distribution of the aerosol have been determined at up to eleven location in the non-industrial town of Vienna. Obviously, large variations of the measured values have been found. The following factors influenced the aerosol markedly: wind speed, wind direction, increased aerosol production such as by space heating or traffic and resuspension. Most of the variations in aerosol were found to be caused by these factors. A comparison of the mass concentration and light absorption of the aerosol upwind and downwind of Vienna permitted the estimation of locally produced aerosols: about 50% of the mass of the aerosol and 75% of the light-absorbing aerosol appears to be produced locally.

Papillary mesothelioma of the tunica vaginalis propria testis. Case report and ultrastructural study.

Ultrastructural features of a papillary mesothelioma arising in a hydrocele-sack are reported. The tumour cells presented numerous microvilli, desmosomes, basement membranes and abundant bundles of microfilaments, which all are hallmarks of mesotheliomas. The predominant cell type was the "clear epithelial cell", but transitional cells and degenerative forms (foamy cells) were also found. The morphology and differential diagnosis of mesothelial tumours arising in the tunica vaginalis propria testis are discussed.

[Heterologous Müllerian adenosarcoma of the uterus--a rare tumor. Light- and electron-microscopic findings, biological behavior (author's transl)]. / Heterologes Müllersches Adenosarkom des Uterus -- ein seltener Tumor. Licht- und elektronenmikroskopische Befunde, klinische Dignität.

A case of heterologous Müllerian adenosarcoma of the uterus is presented with emphasis on morphologic differentiation, clinical course, prognosis, and treatment. This tumor was described first by Clement and Scully in 1974. Since that time 36 cases have been reported in the literature. The neoplasm consists of benign epithelial and malignant mesenchymal elements. The latter are composed of tissue with homologous and heterologous differentiation. Our microscopic and ultrastructural studies suggested that the heterologous elements were rhabdomyoblasts with a variable degree of differentiation. According to the literature the prognosis of Müllerian adenosarcoma is better than that of malignant mixed Müllerian tumor. The location of the tumor - whether intrauterine or extrauterine - seems to be more important as regards prognosis than the differentiation of the sarcomatous elements. The clinical course in our patients was not different from those described in the literature. Surgical removal of the tumor remains the treatment of choice. Some authors report a better survival rate when surgical treatment is followed by radiotherapy. Chemotherapy may be useful in cases of local or distant metastasis, and in cases of incomplete excision of the tumor mass.

Histogenesis of hemangiomas--an ultrastructural study on capillary and cavernous hemangiomas of the skin.

13 capillary hemangiomas of the skin were examined by electron microscopy in order to elucidate their histogenesis. The findings show that the histogenetic development of hemangiomas is similar to that of embryonal and fetal capillaries. Initially the undifferentiated angioblastic anlage gives rise to solid buds, which subsequently receive a lumen, thus turning into primitive capillaries. This developmental stage corresponds to early embryonic vasculogenesis. The growth of angiomas is mainly due to sprouting, which as in fetal and postnatal vasculogenesis takes place from both primitive and mature capillaries. These findings support the classical theories on the histogenesis of angiomas (angioblastic and sprouting theories). The question whether in all cases hemangiomas have to pass through all developmental stages or whether it is possible that part of them develops directly from the normal capillary network of the skin by a process of sprouting remains open to discussion. Finally the findings in one cavernous hemangioma and two tele-angiectasias were compared and discussed.

Leydig cell tumor of the testis. Morphological and endocrinological investigations in two cases.

Clinical, morphological and endocrine characteristics of 2 patients with Leydig cell tumours (1 benign unilateral and 1 malignant bilateral) are reported. The morphological investigation revealed that the neoplastic cells had the same ultrastructural characteristics as normal Leydig cells. The only ultrastructural difference was the presence of 'membranous whorls' that have never been found in normal human Leydig cells. The patient with benign unilateral Leydig cell tumour appeared to produce no excess of steroid hormones, but rather a substance of FSH-inhibiting activity. The second patient, with the malignant bilateral tumours however, besides producing large amounts of testosterone, oestradiol-17 beta and progesterone, showed typical signs of an ectopic ACTH syndrome. The endocrinological and morphological features are discussed.

[Intestinal obstruction following necrotizing enterocolitis (author's transl)]. / Intestinale Obstruktion nach nekrotisierender Enterocolitis.

The increase in survival from necrotizing enterocolitis results in an increased rate of late sequelae. We would like to take the opportunity to emphasize these new complications by a review of our patient material. 11 (23.9%) patients from a total number of 46 showed signs and symptoms of intestinal obstruction at different points in the course of the disease. In two surviving patients out of this group of 11, a resection of postinflammatory gut stenosis had to be performed within the first year. In the 9 children who died, particular emphasis is being paid in the autopsy reports to obstructive lesions in the gastrointestinal tract. Due to this rather frequent event (23.9%) of postinflammatory formation of strictures and stenoses in the recovery from NEC a functional radiographic study of the intestinal patency seems mandatory before discharge of any patient with NEC with operative or conservative treatment.

[Generalized ceroid histiocytosis in type 5 hyperlipoproteinaemia (author's transl)]. / Generalisierte Ceroidhistiozytose bei Hyperlipoproteinämie, Typ 5, nach Fredrickson.

Histochemical, fluorescence and electron microscopic features of histiocytes from the spleen, lymph nodes and liver were investigated in a patient with type 5 hyperlipoproteinaemia with splenomegaly (Fredrickson and Lees, 1965). The pigment stored in histocytes represented ceroid, a product of oxidation and polymerization of unsaturated lipids. The morphological features of ceroid and histogenesis of ceroid histiocytosis are discussed.

[The blood-flow in hands with Dupuytren's contracture and Raynaud disease: functional and morphological studies (author's transl)]. / Funktionelle und morphologische vergleichende Untersuchungen der Durchblutung von Händen mit Dupuytrenscher Kontraktur und Raynaud-Syndrom. Fingervenenverschlussplethysmographie -- Fingerbeerenbiopsie.

Concerning the question whether a correlation between the vasospasm and morphological changes in the neuro-myo-arterial glomerular (Hoyer-Grosser-Organ) exists also in Dupuytren disease, a series of 18 patients with Dupuytren and 5 patients with Raynaud disease were studied by finger venous occlusion plethysmography and finger tip biopsies. No typical histological changes were found in Dupuytren's Contracture, particularly none in the 13 cases (70%) which had a latent vasospasm and none in the 5 cases (30%) which had a normal plethysmogram, whereas in all the patients with Raynaud disease the typical morphological changes of wall, lumen and morphometric counts of the "Suquet-Hoyer" canals were found in correspondance to the abnormal plethysmogram. According to these results the vasospasm of Dupytren and Raynaud disease seems to be pathogenetically different.

[Polycystic disease of early infancy in two sisters (author's transl)]. / Frühinfantile Form der polyzystischen Nierenerkrankung bei zwei Geschwistern.

Polycystic disease of early infancy is a heritable disorder diffusely involving both kidneys with no other evidence of renal parenchymal malformation. After discussing the typical histological data of two sisters with normal family history a short survey about classification and differential diagnosis of similar heritable renal cysts is given. With regard to the few other cases with familiar occurrence an autosomal recessive transmission is the most likely form of inheritance, delayed manifestation has not been observed until now.

Accidental cytological findings in routine vaginal smear in primary carcinoma of the Fallopian tube.

Adenocarcinoma cells were identified in a routine gynecological smear of a 65-year-old woman found at laparotomy to have a primary carcinoma of the fallopian tube. The value of routine cytologic studies in the diagnosis of fallopian tube carcinoma is discussed.

[A contribution to the origin of ganglia. A study of light-, immunofluorescence-, and electronmicroscopic changes (author's transl)]. / Beitrag zur Ganglienfrage. Eine licht-, immunfluoreszenz- und elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchung.

10 ganglia were studied by means of light and electrone microscope and with immunfluorescence methods. The light microscopic findings in the wall of a ganglion resemble on developing hygroma. The mesenchymal cells ultrastructurally show differentiation to synovia-like cells, either surrounding the ganglion in the connective tissue wall or lining the cavity. The development of synovial tissue from undifferentiated mesenchymal cells is due to the typical mechanical stimulus affecting joints.

[Mesenchymoma of the chest wall in childhood (author's transl)]. / Mesenchymom der Thoraxwand im Kindesalter.

A case report on the mesenchymal mixed tumor (mesenchymoma) of the chest wall of a baby is given. It was composed of chondroblastoma and osteoblastoma and of areas of angioblastoma. This neoplasm shows immature areas and infiltrates extensively the adjacent tissues. The morphologic classification of benign and malignant mesenchymoma is uncertain and does sometimes not correspond to the behaviour. The significance of different histological features of these tumors in relation to the prognosis is discussed.

[The value of the "impression smear" in detecting giardia lamblia infection (author's transl)]. / Lambliasis (Giardiasis): Der "impression smear" als optimale Nachweismethode.

Giardia lamblia has a cosmopolitan distribution. The organism exists in two stages--the trophozoite and the cystic stage. Infected children may have acute or chronic diarrhea, crampy abdominal pain, anorexia, malasorption and poor weight gain and may be misdiagnosed as celiac disease. Infection may be selflimited or chronic even over years. Diagnosis is usually made by finding the characteristic cyst in stool specimens or by duodenal aspiration. Histological sections and impression smears (AMENT) of intestinal mucosa biopsies have been proved to be the most reliable method for detecting giardiasis. Evaluation of impression smears for parasites is easier and quicker than examining serial sections of biopsies. Out of 175 selected patients with intestinal complaints which were undergone small intestinal biopsy 11 were infected with giardia lamblia (6.2%). All infected children were symptomatic, malabsorption could be demonstrated in 5/8, lactase levels were reduced in most children. Examination of duodenal aspirates, stool specimens and histological sections (routine histology) alone would not have been diagnostic in every case. Evaluation of impression smears proved to be a reliable method in detecting giardia lamblia infection and is recommended whenever an intestinal biopsy is performed.

The influence of glycol methacrylate (GMA) and paraffin embedding on freeze substituted and fixed tissues for enzyme histochemistry.

The influences of paraffin and GMA-embedding on acid phosphatase, esterase and beta-glucuronidase activity of differently fixed or freeze substituted rat livers were studied. 1. Embedding generally causes a reduction of the enzyme activities but improves considerably the quality of the microscopical pictures when compared with appropriate cryostat sections. Embedding therefore may serve as a very useful tool for detail studies on the cytological level. 2. The embedding media act differently on the reactive sites: a. Paraffin causes a heavy denaturation of the enzyme activity in lysosomes but preserves the activities of the ergastoplasmic (= "microsomal") enzymes. The degree of denaturation increases with increasing embedding temperature. b. GMA-embedding delivered opposite effects by preserving lysosomal activities and quenching endoplasmic enzymes. UV-polymerization of GMA causes a general inactivation of enzymes. 3. The histochemical reactivity of substrates such as glycogen was not influenced by the embedding. However, its most natural localization is achieved by freeze drying or isopropanol freeze substitution followed by GMA-embedding.

UV versus chemical polymerization of glycol methacrylate (GMA) in enzyme histochemistry.

The influence of the mode of polymerization of GMA on the enzyme activities of differently fixed rat livers was studied. It was found that with increasing time of UV-polymerization several enzyme activities were inhibited whereas chemical polymerization was comparatively less harmful. The histochemical reactivity of substrates such as glycogen was not impaired by the mode of polymerization, which is in contrast to the increased basophilia of DNA and RNA after UV-polymerization.

[The differential diagnosis of megacolon in childhood (author's transl)]. / Die histochemische Differentialdiagnose des Megacolon im Kindesalter

The diagnosis of Hirschsprung's disease can be established praeoperatively by the histochemical demonstration of an increased acethylcholinesterase activity in rectal mucosal biopsies. Furthermore the intraoperative diagnosis of the extension of the aganglionary or hypoganglionary segment can be improved by histochemical demonstration of dehydrogenases in the intramural parasympathetic plexus. By these means it becomes easy to localize the correct position of the enterostoma as well as to determine the length of the segment, which should be resected. The results of our histochemical investigation on 92 cases of megacolon, especially on 12 cases of Hirschsprung's disease were reported. The histochemical diagnosis was confirmed finally by an extensive examination of the resected bowel segment.

[The histochemical diagnosis of Hirschsprung's disease according to Meier-Ruge (author's transl)]. / Der histochemische Nachweis des Morbus Hirschsprung nach Meier-Ruge

The diagnosis of Hirschsprung's disease by histochemical techniques as proposed by Meier-Ruge, especially the detection of increased acetylcholine-esterase activity in rectal mucosal biopsy, provides an essential diagnostic improvement. This was confirmed by own experiences in 92 cases. The complicationless mucosal biopsy helps to avoid the more dangerous deep transmural biopsies. Furthermore, the intraoperative diagnosis of the aganglionary or hypoganglionary segment can be improved by histochemical demonstration of dehydrogenases in the intramural parasympathetic plexus. By these means it becomes easy to localize the correct position of the enterostoma as well as to determine the length of the segment to be resected.