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1.
Accid Anal Prev ; 205: 107684, 2024 Sep.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38945045

RESUMO

The present study investigated the effects of a driver monitoring system that triggers attention warnings in case distraction is detected. Based on the EuroNCAP protocol, distraction could either be long glances away from the forward roadway (≥3s) or visual attention time sharing (>10 cumulative seconds within a 30 s time interval). In a series of manual driving simulator drives, 30 participants completed both driving related tasks (e.g., changing multiple lanes in dense traffic) and non-driving related tasks (e.g., infotainment operations). Results of warning frequencies revealed that visual attention time sharing warnings occurred more frequently than long distraction warnings. Moreover, there was a large number of attention warnings during driving related tasks. Results also revealed that participants' mental models tended to be less accurate when it came to understanding of the visual attention time sharing warnings as compared to the long distraction warnings, which were understood more accurately. Based on these observations, the work discusses the applicability and design of driver monitoring warnings.


Assuntos
Atenção , Condução de Veículo , Direção Distraída , Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Adulto Jovem , Condução de Veículo/psicologia , Direção Distraída/psicologia , Simulação por Computador , Tempo de Reação
2.
MethodsX ; 12: 102573, 2024 Jun.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38317721

RESUMO

The proposed test procedure presents an approach for the evaluation of the usability of partial automated driving HMI including driver monitoring systems in driving simulation. This procedure is based on a definition of requirements that a Level 2 HMI and its included driver monitoring system must fulfill in order to guarantee that the drivers understand their responsibilities of continuously monitoring the driving environment and the status of the partial automated driving system. These requirements are used to define the evaluation criteria that have to be validated in the test as well as the use cases in which these criteria can be assessed. The result is a detailed and comprehensive test guide including the specification of the test drives, the necessary instructions, the test environment and the recruiting criteria for the test sample.•Evaluation of usability aspects of level 2 automated driving HMI including driver monitoring systems•Based on the definition of requirements for L2 HMI•Test guide including the definition of use cases, evaluation criteria and testing conditions in driving simulation.

3.
mSystems ; 3(6)2018.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30505943

RESUMO

Clinical interventions in the stomach have been linked to fecal microbiota alterations, suggesting a function of the stomach in gastrointestinal (GI) homeostasis. We sought to determine the taxonomic bacterial biogeography of the upper GI tract, including different sites within the human stomach (cardia, corpus, and antrum), adjacent upstream (esophagus) and downstream (duodenum) locations, and luminal contents (aspirate), as well as whole-stomach samples from mice and gerbils. Qualitative and quantitative DNA- and RNA-based taxonomic microbiota analyses were combined to study the relationship of relative and absolute bacterial abundances and transcriptionally active bacterial microbiota components in the stomach of humans and mice. Stomach microbiota compositions resembled those of esophagus and duodenum. However, along the descending GI tract, the relative abundances of specific oropharyngeal commensals decreased (Streptococcus) or increased (Rothia mucilaginosa, Porphyromonas, and Lachnospiraceae). Furthermore, the compositional similarity (weighted UniFrac) between stomach aspirates and esophageal biopsy samples increased with gastric Streptococcus relative abundance. In both human aspirate and mouse stomach samples, Firmicutes were more abundant among transcriptionally active bacteria than Bacteroidetes. The relative abundance of Firmicutes in the stomach was negatively correlated and that of Bacteroidetes was positively correlated with absolute bacterial abundance, suggesting a disproportionate increase of Bacteroidetes over Firmicutes at higher bacterial densities. Human, mouse, and gerbil stomach samples showed similarities at higher taxonomic levels but differences at lower taxonomic levels. Our findings suggest selective enrichment and depletion of specific bacterial taxa in the stomach and Firmicutes being transcriptionally more active than Bacteroidetes that increase in relative abundance with total bacterial load. IMPORTANCE Clinical stomach interventions, such as acid inhibition or bypass surgery, have been linked to fecal microbiota alterations. We demonstrate that the stomach microbiota largely overlaps those of adjacent gastrointestinal locations and identify gradual decreases and increases in the relative abundances of specific bacteria within the stomach, suggesting selective enrichment and depletion. Moreover, similarities between stomach and esophagus samples are proportional to the concentrations of Streptococcus (Firmicutes) in the stomach. The relative abundance of Firmicutes in the stomach, compared to that of Bacteroidetes, is increased in RNA relative to DNA, indicating higher transcriptional activity. Moreover, increased absolute bacterial loads are associated with decreased relative abundance of Firmicutes and higher relative abundance of Bacteroidetes. Our findings characterize the stomach microbiota as influenced by Bacteroidetes influx against a background of transcriptionally more active Firmicutes. Human, mouse, and gerbil stomach microbiotas differ at lower taxonomic levels, which might affect the utility of these model organisms.

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