On the incidence, cause, and prevention of recurrent laryngeal nerve palsies during anterior cervical spine surgery.

STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective review of contemporaneously acquired clinical data supplemented by experimental cadaver dissection. OBJECTIVE: To establish the incidence and mechanism of vocal cord paralysis after anterior cervical spine surgery and to determine whether controlling for endotracheal tube (ET)-laryngeal wall interactions induced by the cervical retraction system could decrease the rate of paralysis. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Vocal cord paralysis is the most common otolaryngologic complication after anterior cervical spine surgery. However, the quoted frequency of this varies considerably, and the cause of the injury is not clearly defined. As a result, various, and at times contradictory, recommendations to prevent this are presented without data to support their effectiveness. METHODS: Data gathered at the time of surgery and during follow-up visits on 900 consecutive patients who underwent anterior cervical spine surgery with plating during a 12-year interval were entered into a computerized database and reviewed for complications and procedural risk factors. After the first 250 cases an intervention consisting of monitoring ET cuff pressure and release of pressure after retractor replacement or repositioning was used, which allowed the ET to recenter within the larynx. The ET-laryngeal wall relation also was studied in fresh intubated cadavers using videofluoroscopic images, before and after retractor placement. RESULTS: Thirty incidences of vocal cord paralysis consistent with recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) injury were identified: 27 temporary and 3 permanent. The rate of temporary paralysis decreased from 6.4% to 1.69% (P = 0.0002) after institution of the described maneuver. The findings confirmed that the retractor displaced the larynx against the shaft of the ET, allowing impingement on the vulnerable intralaryngeal segment of the RLN. CONCLUSIONS: The most common cause of vocal cord paralysis after anterior cervical spine surgery is compression of the RLN within the endolarynx. Monitoring of ET cuff pressure and release after retractor placement may prevent injury to the RLN during anterior cervical spine surgery.

Vocal fold paralysis after anterior cervical spine surgery: incidence, mechanism, and prevention of injury.

OBJECTIVE: Vocal fold paralysis is the most common otolaryngological complication after anterior cervical spine surgery (ACSS). However, the frequency and etiology of this injury are not clearly defined. This study was performed to establish the incidence and mechanism of vocal fold paralysis in ACSS and to determine whether controlling for endotracheal tube/laryngeal wall interactions induced by the cervical retraction system could decrease the rate of paralysis. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective review and complementary cadaver dissection. METHODS: Data gathered on 900 consecutive patients undergoing ACSS were reviewed for complications and procedural risk factors. After the first 250 cases an intervention consisting of monitoring of endotracheal tube cuff pressure and release of pressure after retractor placement or repositioning was employed. This allowed the endotracheal tube to re-center within the larynx. In addition, anterior approaches to the cervical spine were performed on fresh, intubated cadavers and studied with videofluoroscopy following retractor placement. RESULTS: Thirty cases of vocal fold paralysis consistent with recurrent laryngeal nerve injury were identified with three patients having permanent paralysis. With this technique temporary paralysis rates decreased from 6.4% to 1.69% (P = .0002). The cadaver studies confirmed that the retractor displaced the larynx against the shaft of the endotracheal tube with impingement on the vulnerable intralaryngeal segment of the recurrent laryngeal nerve. CONCLUSION: The study results suggest that the most common cause of vocal fold paralysis after anterior cervical spine surgery is compression of the recurrent laryngeal nerve within the endolarynx. Endotracheal tube cuff pressure monitoring and release after retractor placement may prevent injury to the recurrent laryngeal nerve during anterior cervical spine surgery.

Nasal septal perforation: a rare extraintestinal manifestation of Crohn's disease.

Nasal manifestations of Crohn's disease are quite rare. They are typified by chronic mucosal inflammation, obstruction, bleeding, and occasionally septal perforation--signs and symptoms that are common to many disease states of the nose. Nasal findings, much like oral lesions, can precede the more typical gastroenterologic manifestations of Crohn's disease. Otolaryngologists should be aware of such an association and consider the diagnosis of Crohn's disease in atypical cases of nasal disease. We report the case of a 12-year-old boy who had severe Crohn's disease and a nasal septal perforation, and we discuss this complication in the context of its otolaryngologic manifestations.

Calciphylaxis: is there a role for parathyroidectomy?

OBJECTIVE: Calciphylaxis, a rare disorder typically affecting renal failure patients, results in vascular calcification with subsequent skin necrosis, gangrene, and often death from sepsis. Parathyroid hormone is thought to act as a tissue sensitizer leading to these soft tissue changes. As such, parathyroidectomy is often advocated to control this complicated condition. A discussion of calciphylaxis does not exist in the otolaryngology literature, and head and neck surgeons performing parathyroidectomy should be aware of this phenomenon. This study evaluates the success of parathyroidectomy in reversing the ill effects of calciphylaxis in both our patient population and the literature. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective study and review of the literature. METHODS: Five patients with calciphylaxis treated at our institution were evaluated for mortality, surgical and perioperative complications, wound healing, and predictors of patient outcomes. RESULTS: Two patients died from sepsis and infectious complications of their calciphylaxis shortly after surgery. Of the three survivors, two later died (15 and 18 mo after surgery) from causes not directly related to calciphylaxis. The other long-term survivor required partial amputation of a leg for osteomyelitis. There was one operative complication-- wound infection requiring antibiotic therapy, drainage, and packing. Postoperative hypocalcemia required treatment in two patients. Immediate perioperative survival was more likely in patients with leukocyte counts less than 20,000 cells/mL. CONCLUSIONS: Calciphylaxis is a serious disease and patients often succumb to sepsis and infectious complications. Patients with extremely high leukocyte counts from coexistent infections may have a worse prognosis. Although a conclusive effective therapy does not exist, parathyroidectomy can be safely performed and may benefit some patients with what is often an otherwise fatal disease. The literature to date generally confirms our findings. Key Words: Calciphylaxis, parathyroid hormone, parathyroidectomy, skin necrosis, chronic renal failure.

Assessing sexual aversion in college students: the Sexual Aversion Scale.

This study describes a 30-item questionnaire, the Sexual Aversion Scale, that was used to assess sexual fears and avoidance in college students. The construct of sexual aversion was based on the newly listed DSM-III-R criteria for sexual aversion disorder. Results were obtained from 382 college students. The questionnaire was shown to have good internal consistency and test-retest reliability. Female students reported significantly more sexual anxiety. They expressed more fear of intercourse and the negative social consequences of their sexual behavior. They were also more inclined to avoid situations where they might become sexually involved. Conversely, males appeared to be more sexually frustrated and said they would become more sexually active were it not for fear of catching a sexually transmitted disease. It is concluded that sexual fears are fairly widespread among college students and are being fueled by the current AIDS crisis. One implication of these findings is that sexual aversion disorder may become a prevalent problem, especially if the AIDS epidemic continues to spread to the heterosexual population.