Change of Direction Speed and Reactive Agility in Prediction of Injury in Football; Prospective Analysis over One Half-Season.

Agility is an important factor in football (soccer), but studies have rarely examined the influences of different agility components on the likelihood of being injured in football. This study aimed to prospectively evaluate the possible influences of sporting factors, i.e., flexibility, reactive agility (RAG), and change of direction speed (CODS), on injury occurrence over one competitive half-season, in professional football players. Participants were 129 football professional players (all males, 24.4 ± 4.7 years), who underwent anthropometrics, flexibility, and RAG and CODS (both evaluated on non-dominant and dominant side) at the beginning of second half-season 2019/20 (predictors). Over the following half-season, occurrence of injury was registered (outcome). To identify the differences between groups based on injury occurrence, t-test was used. Univariate and multivariate logistic regressions were calculated to identify the associations between predictors and outcome. Results showed incidence of 1.3 injuries per 1000 h of training/game per player, with higher likelihood for injury occurrence during game than during training (Odds Ratio (OR) = 3.1, 95%CI: 1.63-5.88) Univariate logistic regression showed significant associations between players' age (OR = 1.65, 95%CI: 1.25-2.22), playing time (OR = 2.01, 95%CI: 1.560-2.58), and RAG (OR = 1.21, 95%CI: 1.09-1.35, and OR = 1.18, 95%CI: 1.04-1.33 for RAG on dominant- and non-dominant side, respectively), and injury occurrence. The multivariate logistic regression model identified higher risk for injury in those players with longer playing times (OR = 1.81, 95%CI: 1.55-2.11), and poorer results for RAG for the non-dominant side (OR = 1.15, 95%CI: 1.02-1.28). To target those players who are more at risk of injury, special attention should be paid to players who are more involved in games, and those who with poorer RAG. Development of RAG on the non-dominant side should be beneficial for reducing the risk of injury in this sport.

Children's Daily Routine Response to COVID-19 Emergency Measures in Serbia.

Objective: The emergence of coronavirus in Serbia as well as in other European countries led to the declaration of a state of emergency, which, among other measures, included a switch to online education, the lockdown of public life and organized sports, and a curfew from 5 pm to 5 am. This study aimed to investigate the extent to which these measures affected children's daily routines. More specifically, it aimed to determine how children maintained their learning, physical activity, and screen time routines from the period before the state of emergency was declared. Methods: Response to an online parent-reported questionnaire was conducted (N = 450). The factorial validity of the scales was prepared using confirmatory factor analysis, with acceptable fit indices. Based on that, the authors tested the interrelations between dimensions using structural equation modeling in SPSS, AMOS 24.0. Results: The study results indicate a positive relationship between school achievement and study time (ß = 0.25). They also indicate that children who were physically active before the pandemic continued their activities during the emergency state (ß = 0.53). Physical activity impact during the COVID-19 emergency measures reduces children's behavior changes (ß = 0.55). Finally, they highlight that children who spent more time with multimedia content had greater changes in anxiety, sensitivity, nervousness, and worry due to COVID-19 emergency measures (ß = -0.38). Conclusions: Healthy lifestyle habits formed in childhood are suggested to be responsible for the greater "resistance to change" shown by the children from this study.

The psychological impact of preexisting mental and physical health during the Covid-19 pandemic

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Differences in anthropometrics characteristics and body composition between two elite youth male basketball national teams - participants at u18 European Championship 2019 / Diferencias en las características antropométricas y la composición corporal entre dos equipos nacionales de baloncesto masculino juvenil de élite - participantes en el Campeonato de Europa u18 2019

SUMMARY: The aim of this research was to determine the differences among the male basketball players of the National team of Montenegro U18 and the National team of Republic of North Macedonia, in terms of their anthropometric characteristics and body composition. A sample of 27 subjects was divided into two sub-samples. The first sub-sample of the subjects consisted of 15 players of the National team of Montenegro, average age 17.6±0.63, while the other sub-sample consisted of 12 players of the National team of Republic of North Macedonia, average age of 17.17± 0.72. All players were tested in Podgorica, in lasting period of two days, while they held preparations for the European Championship. Anthropometric characteristics and body composition were evaluated by a battery of eleven variables: body height (cm), body weight (kg), triceps skinfold, back skinfold, biceps skinfold, abdominal skinfold, thigh skinfold, calf skinfold, body mass index (BMI), percentage of fat and muscle mass (kg). Differences in anthropometric characteristic and composition of the body of the basketball players of two national teams were determined by using a discriminatory parametric procedure with t-test for small independent samples (p<0.05). The players of the two teams were found to differ statistically in thigh skinfold. Furthermore, it is concluded that Montenegro players are taller and heavier and have higher muscle mass than North Macedonian players, with approximate skinfolds, BMI and fat percentage values.

RESUMEN: El objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar las diferencias en las características antropométricas y composición corporal entre los jugadores de baloncesto masculino del equipo nacional de Montenegro U18 y el equipo nacional de la República de Macedonia del Norte. Una muestra de 27 sujetos se dividió en dos submuestras. La primera sub muestra consistió en 15 jugadores del equipo nacional de Montenegro, con una edad promedio de 17,6 ± 0,63 años. La otra muestra consistió en 12 jugadores del equipo nacional de la República de Macedonia del Norte, con un promedio edad de 17,17 ± 0,72 años. Todos los jugadores fueron evaluados en Podgorica, durante un período de dos días, mientras realizaban los preparativos para el Campeonato de Europa. Las características antropométricas y la composición corporal se evaluaron mediante una batería de once variables: altura (cm), peso (kg), pliegue de tríceps, pliegue de espalda, pliegue de bíceps, pliegue abdominal, pliegue de muslos, pliegue de pantorrilla, índice de masa corporal (IMC), porcentaje de grasa y masa muscular (kg). Se determinaron las diferencias en las características antropométricas y la composición del cuerpo de los jugadores de baloncesto de dos equipos nacionales a través de un procedimiento paramétrico discriminatorio con prueba t para muestras independientes (p <0,05). Se determinó que los jugadores de ambos equipos difieren estadísticamente en el pliegue del muslo. Además, se concluyó que en comparación con los jugadores de Macedonia del Norte los jugadores de Montenegro son de mayor altura y peso, además de contar con una mayor masa muscular, con valores aproximados de pliegues cutáneos, IMC y porcentaje de grasa.

Waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, and waist-to-height ratio reference percentiles for abdominal obesity among Macedonian adolescents / Percentiles de referencia de circunferencia de la cintura, relación cintura-cadera y relación cintura-altura para la obesidad abdominal de los adolescentes macedonios

BACKGROUND: the goal of this study was to define waist circumference (WC), wasis-to-hip ratio (WHR) and waist-to-height ratio (WHRt) smoothed reference percentiles for assessing abdominal obesity in Macedonian adolescents aged 11 to 18 years in order to investigate possible obesity cut-offs of WHR and WHtR, and to compare WC percentiles with those of other adolescents. METHODS: the research was conducted on a sample of 2,490 adolescents of the Republic of Macedonia aged 11 to 18 years: 1,288 males and 1,202 females. Weight, height, body mass index (BMI), WC, hip circumference (HC), WHR and WHtR were measured and percentiles were calculated using Cole's Lambda, Mu and Sigma (LMS) method. The relation between WHR, WHtR and general obesity, as defined by the International Obesity Task Force, was investigated with a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. RESULTS: the boys had statistically significant higher values in all anthropometric measures except in HC, where statistically significant gender differences were not found. BMI, WC, and HC showed an increasing trend with age. The WHtR variable is a better indicator for assessing general obesity in both boys and girls (AUC, 95 % CI: 0.905-0.928) than WHR, which showed lower AUC values (95 % CI: 0.697-0.734) in predicting IOTF obesity; the WHtR cut-off of 0.5 had a sensitivity of 74 % and a specificity of 92 % for both genders and all age groups. CONCLUSIONS: the obtained reference percentile curves can be used temporarily for early detection of abdominal obesity among Macedonian adolescents aged 11 to 18 years; a WHtR of 0.5 may also be used as an obesity threshold in these age groups

ANTECEDENTES: el objetivo de este estudio fue definir los percentiles de referencia suavizados perímetro abdominal (WC), relación cintura-cadera (WHR) y relacion cintura-talla (WHtR) para evaluar la obesidad abdominal en adolescentes macedonios de 11 a 18 años, con el fin de investigar posibles valores de corte de WHR y WHtR para la obesidad, y comparar los percentiles de WC con los de otros adolescentes. MÉTODOS: la investigación se realizó en una muestra de 2490 adolescentes de la República de Macedonia de 11 a 18 años de edad; 1288 varones y 1202 mujeres. Se midieron peso, altura, índice de masa corporal (IMC), WC, circunferencia de cadera (HC), WHR y WHtR, y se calcularon los percentiles utilizando el método LMS. La relación entre WHR, WHtR y la obesidad general, según lo definido por la International Obesity Task Force, se investigó con el análisis de las características operativas del receptor (ROC). RESULTADOS: los varones tuvieron valores estadísticamente más altos en todas las medidas antropométricas excepto en HC, donde no se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre ambos sexos. IMC, WC y HC mostraron una tendencia creciente con la edad. La variable WHtR es un indicador para evaluar la obesidad general en niños y niñas (AUC, IC 95 %: 0,905-0,928) mejor que WHR, que mostró valores de AUC más bajos (IC 95 %: 0,697-0,734) para predecir la obesidad IOTF. El valor de corte de WHtR, de 0,5, tuvo una sensibilidad del 74 % y una especificidad del 92 % para ambos sexos y para todos los grupos de edad. CONCLUSIONES: las curvas de percentiles de referencia obtenidas pueden usarse temporalmente para la detección temprana de la obesidad abdominal entre los adolescentes macedonios de 11 a 18 años; una WHtR de 0,5 también puede utilizarse como un umbral de obesidad en estos grupos de edad

Morphological characteristics and body composition of elite volleyball players: three Montenegrin clubs with most trophies participating in European competitions / Características morfológicas y composición corporal de los jugadores de voleibol de élite: tres clubes montenegrinos con la mayoría de los trofeos que participan en competencias europeas

The aim of this research was to determine the differences related to morphological characteristics and body composition among volleyball players of the three most successful volleyball clubs in Montenegro. The results of the survey highligted the differences in terms of morphological characteristics and body composition of the players of VC Budva, VC Buduc´nost and VC Jedinstvo. The sample of 43 subjects was divided into three sub-samples, the sub-sample of the subjects consisting of 12 players of VC Budva, the champions of Montenegro 2018-19, the other sub-sample of 17 players of VC Buducnost, the participant in the European CEV Challenge Cup 2018-19, and the one of the examinees including 14 players of VC Jedinstvo, the champions of Montenegro in the season 2017-18. Morphological characteristics in the body composition were evaluated by a battery of 11 variables: body height, body weight, triceps skinfold, biceps skinfold, skinfold of the back, abdominal skinfold, calf skinfold, thigh skinfold, body mass index, fat percentage and muscle mass. The difference between the players of three the most successful volleyball clubs in the morphological characteristics and variables for assessing body composition were determined by ANOVA and LSD Post Hoc test. ANOVA test found statistically significant differences between these three clubs, determined by six variables that estimate the skinfolds, as well as a variable of estimated body mass index (BMI). LSD Post Hoc test found that the volleyball players of VC Budva have significantly lower values ??with regard to triceps skinfold, biceps skinfold, abdominal skinfold, calf skinfold and thigh skinfold, compared to the players of VC Buducnost and VC Jedinstvo, while in the case of variables that evaluates body mass index (BMI), volleyball players of VC Buducnost have less values compared to the players of VC Budva and VC Jedinstvo.

El objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar las diferencias relacionadas con las características morfológicas y la composición corporal entre los jugadores de voléibol de los tres clubes de voleibol más exitosos de Montenegro. Los resultados de la encuesta destacaron las diferencias en términos de características morfológicas y composición corporal de los jugadores de VC Budva, VC Buducnost y VC Jedinstvo. La muestra de 43 sujetos se dividió en tres submuestras, la submuestra de las asignaturas consistió en 12 jugadores de VC Budva, los campeones de Montenegro 2018-19, la otra submuestra de 17 jugadores de VC Buducnost, el participante en la European CEV Challenge Cup 2018-19, y uno de los examinados, incluidos 14 jugadores de VC Jedinstvo, campeones de Montenegro en la temporada 2017-18. Las características morfológicas en la composición corporal se evaluaron mediante una batería de 11 variables: altura corporal, peso corporal, pliegue cutáneo del tríceps, pliegue cutáneo del bíceps, pliegue cutáneo de la espalda, pliegue abdominal, pliegue cutáneo de la pantorrilla, pliegue cutáneo del muslo, índice de masa corporal, porcentaje de grasa y masa muscular. . La diferencia entre los jugadores de los tres clubes de voleibol más exitosos en las características morfológicas y las variables para evaluar la composición corporal, se determinó mediante pruebas de ANOVA y LSD Post Hoc. La prueba ANOVA encontró diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre estos tres clubes, determinadas por seis variables que estiman los pliegues cutáneos, así como una variable de índice de masa corporal (IMC) estimado. La prueba LSD Post Hoc encontró que los jugadores de voleibol de VC Budva tienen valores significativamente más bajos con respecto al pliegue de tríceps, pliegue de bíceps, pliegue abdominal, pliegue de pantorrilla y pliegue de muslo, en comparación con los jugadores de VC Buducnost y VC Jedinstvo, mientras que en el caso de Las variables que evalúan el índice de masa corporal (IMC), los jugadores de voléibol de VC Buducnost tienen menos valores, en comparación con los jugadores de VC Budva y VC Jedinstvo.

Waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, and waist-to-height ratio reference percentiles for abdominal obesity among Macedonian adolescents.

INTRODUCTION: Background: the goal of this study was to define waist circumference (WC), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) and waist-to-height ratio (WHRt) smoothed reference percentiles for assessing abdominal obesity in Macedonian adolescents aged 11 to 18 years in order to investigate possible obesity cut-offs of WHR and WHtR, and to compare WC percentiles with those of other adolescents. Methods: the research was conducted on a sample of 2,490 adolescents of the Republic of Macedonia aged 11 to 18 years: 1,288 males and 1,202 females. Weight, height, body mass index (BMI), WC, hip circumference (HC), WHR and WHtR were measured and percentiles were calculated using Cole's Lambda, Mu and Sigma (LMS) method. The relation between WHR, WHtR and general obesity, as defined by the International Obesity Task Force, was investigated with a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. Results: the boys had statistically significant higher values in all anthropometric measures except in HC, where statistically significant gender differences were not found. BMI, WC, and HC showed an increasing trend with age. The WHtR variable is a better indicator for assessing general obesity in both boys and girls (AUC, 95 % CI: 0.905-0.928) than WHR, which showed lower AUC values (95 % CI: 0.697-0.734) in predicting IOTF obesity; the WHtR cut-off of 0.5 had a sensitivity of 74 % and a specificity of 92 % for both genders and all age groups. Conclusions: the obtained reference percentile curves can be used temporarily for early detection of abdominal obesity among Macedonian adolescents aged 11 to 18 years; a WHtR of 0.5 may also be used as an obesity threshold in these age groups.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Antecedentes: el objetivo de este estudio fue definir los percentiles de referencia suavizados perímetro abdominal (WC), relación cintura-cadera (WHR) y relacion cintura-talla (WHtR) para evaluar la obesidad abdominal en adolescentes macedonios de 11 a 18 años, con el fin de investigar posibles valores de corte de WHR y WHtR para la obesidad, y comparar los percentiles de WC con los de otros adolescentes. Métodos: la investigación se realizó en una muestra de 2490 adolescentes de la República de Macedonia de 11 a 18 años de edad; 1288 varones y 1202 mujeres. Se midieron peso, altura, índice de masa corporal (IMC), WC, circunferencia de cadera (HC), WHR y WHtR, y se calcularon los percentiles utilizando el método LMS. La relación entre WHR, WHtR y la obesidad general, según lo definido por la International Obesity Task Force, se investigó con el análisis de las características operativas del receptor (ROC). Resultados: los varones tuvieron valores estadísticamente más altos en todas las medidas antropométricas excepto en HC, donde no se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre ambos sexos. IMC, WC y HC mostraron una tendencia creciente con la edad. La variable WHtR es un indicador para evaluar la obesidad general en niños y niñas (AUC, IC 95 %: 0,905-0,928) mejor que WHR, que mostró valores de AUC más bajos (IC 95 %: 0,697-0,734) para predecir la obesidad IOTF. El valor de corte de WHtR, de 0,5, tuvo una sensibilidad del 74 % y una especificidad del 92 % para ambos sexos y para todos los grupos de edad. Conclusiones: las curvas de percentiles de referencia obtenidas pueden usarse temporalmente para la detección temprana de la obesidad abdominal entre los adolescentes macedonios de 11 a 18 años; una WHtR de 0,5 también puede utilizarse como un umbral de obesidad en estos grupos de edad.