Corrigendum to "WCN24-843 ULTRAPROCESSED FOODS: DETERMINANTS AND RELATIONSHIP WITH BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS IN CHRONIC HEMODIALYSIS PATIENTS" [Kidney International Reports Volume 9, Issue 4, Supplement, April 2024, Page S371].

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1016/j.ekir.2024.02.776.].

Perceptions of hemodialysis patients about dietary and fluid restrictions.

INTRODUCTION: Dietary regimen for hemodialysis (HD) patients is complicate and identifying characteristics and reasons of those most likely to experience difficulty in adhering to dietary restrictions is important. OBJECTIVE: To quantify HD patient's perceptions about dietary and fluid restrictions, acknowledge individual reasons that facilitate or complicate their adherence, and also their relationship with demographic, nutritional and clinical characteristics. METHODS: Multi-center cross-sectional study in five dialysis facilities. HD patients (n = 147; 48% male; age: 51,3 ± 13,6 years) were encouraged to score on a scale of 0 to 10 their perception of the degree of difficulty to adhere the nutritional advice regarding control of sodium, fluid, potassium and phosphorus intake. RESULTS: Sodium score was 4(1-7), fluids 6(3-8), potassium 4(2-6) and phosphate 6(3-8). Percentage of patients who perceived a greater difficulty (score ≥ 6) to control fluids and phosphate intake was higher than for sodium and potassium. Participants with excessive % interdialytic weight gain (%IDWG) had a higher score for fluids; the ones with hypercalemia perceived more difficulty to control potassium intake than others as well as hyperphosphatemic patients compared to normophosphatemic to control phosphorus intake. Participants with a greater difficulty to control sodium intake also perceived a greater difficulty to control fluids, potassium and phosphate intake. CONCLUSION: Participants perceived a greater difficulty to control fluid and phosphate intake rather than sodium and potassium, higher perceptions scores were associated with subgroups and with worse control of clinical parameters. Moreover, patients with a greater difficulty to control some dietary item also found harder to control the other ones.

Perceptions of hemodialysis patients about dietary and fluid restrictions / Percepções de pacientes em hemodiálise sobre as restrições alimentares

Abstract Introduction: Dietary regimen for hemodialysis (HD) patients is complicate and identifying characteristics and reasons of those most likely to experience difficulty in adhering to dietary restrictions is important. Objective: To quantify HD patient's perceptions about dietary and fluid restrictions, acknowledge individual reasons that facilitate or complicate their adherence, and also their relationship with demographic, nutritional and clinical characteristics. Methods: Multi-center cross-sectional study in five dialysis facilities. HD patients (n = 147; 48% male; age: 51,3 ± 13,6 years) were encouraged to score on a scale of 0 to 10 their perception of the degree of difficulty to adhere the nutritional advice regarding control of sodium, fluid, potassium and phosphorus intake. Results: Sodium score was 4(1-7), fluids 6(3-8), potassium 4(2-6) and phosphate 6(3-8). Percentage of patients who perceived a greater difficulty (score ≥ 6) to control fluids and phosphate intake was higher than for sodium and potassium. Participants with excessive % interdialytic weight gain (%IDWG) had a higher score for fluids; the ones with hypercalemia perceived more difficulty to control potassium intake than others as well as hyperphosphatemic patients compared to normophosphatemic to control phosphorus intake. Participants with a greater difficulty to control sodium intake also perceived a greater difficulty to control fluids, potassium and phosphate intake. Conclusion: Participants perceived a greater difficulty to control fluid and phosphate intake rather than sodium and potassium, higher perceptions scores were associated with subgroups and with worse control of clinical parameters. Moreover, patients with a greater difficulty to control some dietary item also found harder to control the other ones.

Resumo Introdução: as recomendações dietéticas para pacientes em hemodiálise (HD) são complexas e identificar as características e as razões das pessoas com maior dificuldade em aderir às restrições de alimentos e bebidas pode ser fundamental. Objetivos: quantificar as percepções dos pacientes em HD sobre as restrições alimentares e de líquidos, reconhecer as razões individuais que facilitam ou complicam sua adesão, bem como sua relação com as características demográficas, nutricionais e clínicas. Métodos: estudo transversal multicêntrico realizado em cinco unidades de diálise. Os pacientes em HD (n = 147, 48% do sexo masculino, idade: 51,3 ± 13,6 anos) foram encorajados a pontuar em uma escala de 0 a 10 a sua percepção do grau de dificuldade de aderir ao aconselhamento nutricional para o controle de sódio, líquidos, potássio e fósforo. Resultados: o escore de sódio foi 4 (1-7); de líquidos 6 (3-8); de potássio 4 (2-6); e de fosfato 6 (3-8). O precentual de pacientes que percebiam uma maior dificuldade (escore ≥ 6) no controle de líquidos e de fosfato foi maior do que para o sódio e o potássio. Os participantes com elevado ganho de peso interdialitico (%GPID) referiram maior pontuação para líquidos; os com hipercalemia perceberam mais dificuldade para controlar a ingestão de potássio que os demais, bem como os pacientes hiperfosfatêmicos em comparação com os normofosfatêmicos para controlar a ingestão de fósforo. Os participantes com maior dificuldade para controlar a ingestão de sódio também perceberam uma maior dificuldade para controlar o consumo dos demais itens investigados. Conclusão: os participantes perceberam maior dificuldade no controle da ingestão de líquidos e de fontes de fosfato do que de sódio e potássio. Maiores escores de percepção foram associados a alguns subgrupos e a pior controle dos parâmetros clínicos. Além disso, os pacientes com maior dificuldade para controlar algum item dietético também referiram ser mais difícil de controlar os outros itens investigados.

Factors associated to salt intake in chronic hemodialysis patients.

INTRODUCTION: Salt intake increases fluid intake and, consequently, blood pressure (BP) and interdialytic weight gain (IDWG), known as morbi-mortality risk factors for hemodialysis (HD) patients. OBJECTIVE: Evaluate salt intake and food sources, as well as its relationship with demographics, clinical and nutritional parameters. METHODS: Cross-sectional study with 109 patients (66% women, age = 49.0 ± 12.6 years) from five dialysis centers. For total salt intake, a validated food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and the use of discretionary salt were estimated. The relationship of salt intake with many factors was studied. RESULTS: Salt intake was high (8.6 ± 5.4 g/day) and 72% came from discretionary salt. Only literacy was significantly correlated total salt intake (r = -0.29, p < 0.01) and discretionary salt (r = -0.30, p < 0.01). With FFQ food items, there was a positive correlation with the %IDWG (r = 0.26, p < 0.01) and negative with age (r = -0.35, p < 0.001). Direct relationship between salt intake with %IDWG was found in the anuric subgroup (r = 0.26, p < 0.05) and with medium BP in those with no prescription of hypotensive drugs (r = 0.35, p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Salt intake was high mainly due to discretionary salt. It was associated with education and adversely affected %IDWG in anuric patients and medium BP in those not taking hypotensive drugs.

Fatores associados à ingestão de sal em pacientes em tratamento crônico de hemodiálise / Factors associated to salt intake in chronic hemodialysis patients

INTRODUÇÃO: A ingestão de sal tem sido diretamente relacionada ao aumento da ingestão hídrica e, consequentemente, ao incremento dos níveis da pressão arterial (PA) e do ganho de peso interdialítico (GPID), fatores de risco de morbimortalidade em pacientes em hemodiálise (HD). OBJETIVO: Avaliar a ingestão de sal e suas fontes alimentares, bem como sua associação com parâmetros demográficos, clínicos e nutricionais. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal no qual participaram 109 pacientes (66% mulheres; idade = 49,0 ± 12,6 anos) de cinco centros de diálise. Para obtenção da ingestão de sal total, foi utilizado um questionário de frequência alimentar (QFA) validado somado à estimativa da ingestão de sal de adição. Os dados obtidos foram relacionados a diversos parâmetros. RESULTADOS: A ingestão de sal média foi elevada (8,6 ± 5,4 g/dia), sendo 72% proveniente do sal de adição. Apenas a escolaridade se correlacionou tanto com a ingestão de sal total (r = -0,29; p < 0,01) como com o sal de adição (r = -0,30; p < 0,01). Com o sal dos itens alimentares do QFA, houve correlação direta com o percentual de GPID (%GPID) (r = 0,26; p < 0,01) e inversa com a idade (r = -0,35; p < 0,001). Relação direta da ingestão de sal total com o %GPID foi encontrada no subgrupo de pacientes anúricos (r = 0,26; p < 0,05). Associação positiva da ingestão de sal total com a PA média (PAM) foi evidenciada apenas nos que não faziam uso de hipotensores (r = 0,35; p < 0,05). CONCLUSÃO: A ingestão de sal total foi elevada devido, principalmente, ao sal de adição. A mesma associou-se com a escolaridade e afetou adversamente o %GPID nos pacientes anúricos e a PAM nos que não utilizavam drogas hipotensoras.

INTRODUCTION: Salt intake increases fluid intake and, consequently, blood pressure (BP) and interdialytic weight gain (IDWG), known as morbi-mortality risk factors for hemodialysis (HD) patients. OBJECTIVE: Evaluate salt intake and food sources, as well as its relationship with demographics, clinical and nutritional parameters. METHODS: Cross-sectional study with 109 patients (66% women, age = 49.0 ± 12.6 years) from five dialysis centers. For total salt intake, a validated food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and the use of discretionary salt were estimated. The relationship of salt intake with many factors was studied. RESULTS: Salt intake was high (8.6 ± 5.4 g/day) and 72% came from discretionary salt. Only literacy was significantly correlated total salt intake (r = -0.29, p < 0.01) and discretionary salt (r = -0.30, p < 0.01). With FFQ food items, there was a positive correlation with the %IDWG (r = 0.26, p < 0.01) and negative with age (r = -0.35, p < 0.001). Direct relationship between salt intake with %IDWG was found in the anuric subgroup (r = 0.26, p < 0.05) and with medium BP in those with no prescription of hypotensive drugs (r = 0.35, p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Salt intake was high mainly due to discretionary salt. It was associated with education and adversely affected %IDWG in anuric patients and medium BP in those not taking hypotensive drugs.

[Factors related to interdialytic weight gain in hemodialysis patients]. / Fatores relacionados ao ganho de peso interdialítico em pacientes em hemodiálise.

INTRODUCTION: Studies have shown that interdialytic weight gain (IDWG) of hemodialysis (HD) patients is influenced by many factors, a high IDWG negatively affecting the blood pressure (BP) of this population. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the relation of clinical, demographic and nutritional factors and the IDWG of HD patients. METHODS: Cross-sectional study of 278 HD (54% males; age=54.4 ± 14.4 years) from 6 dialysis centers in the State of Santa Catarina, Brazil. The means of percentage interdialytic weight gain (%IDWG) and BP during a four-week period were calculated. Body mass index (BMI) and the 7-point subjective global assessment (SGA) scale were used to assess nutritional status. RESULTS: The means were: %IDWG 4.06 ± 1.55%, pre-HD BP 140 ± 50 / 99 ± 25 mmHg, and post-HD BP 110 ± 27 / 78 ± 10 mmHg. %IDWG inversely correlated with age and BMI and directly correlated with pre-HD systolic BP and time on HD. Women and patients without diabetes mellitus had higher %IDWG. Only the younger subgroup of patients with SGA-defined malnutrition had higher %IDWG than well-nourished ones. When malnutrition was BMI-defined, higher %IDWG was found in the whole study population and in the female and younger age subgroups. 24% of the patients had increased %IDWG (> 5%) and, when compared with those with adequate %IDWG, had inadequate and higher levels of systolic BP (144 ± 21 versus 138 ± 20 mmHg, p < 0.05), were younger and had lower BMI. CONCLUSION: These results showed that %IDWG of HD patients was influenced by gender, time on dialysis, age and nutritional status, and that high %IDWG adversely affected the BP of this population.

Fatores relacionados ao ganho de peso interdialítico em pacientes em hemodiálise / Factors related to interdialytic weight gain in hemodialysis patients

INTRODUÇÃO: Estudos têm demonstrado que o ganho de peso interdialítico (GPID) de pacientes em hemodiálise (HD) é influenciado por vários fatores e que o GPID elevado afeta negativamente os níveis pressóricos desta população. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a relação entre fatores clínicos, demográficos e nutricionais com o GPID de pacientes em hemodiálise. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal, no qual foram incluídos 278 pacientes em hemodiálise (54 por cento de homens; idade = 54,4 ± 14,4 anos) de 6 centros de diálise de Santa Catarina. Para análise do percentual de ganho de peso obtido entre uma e outra sessão de HD ( por centoGPID) e da pressão arterial (PA), foi calculada a média obtida das sessões de HD no período de quatro semanas. Como indicadores de estado nutricional foram utilizados o índice de massa corporal (IMC) e a avaliação subjetiva global (ASG) dos sete pontos. RESULTADOS: A média de por centoGPID foi 4,06 ± 1,55 por cento da PA pré-diálise 140 ± 50 / 99 ± 25 mmHg e PA pós-diálise 110 ± 27 / 78 ± 10 mmHg. O por centoGPID se correlacionou inversamente com a idade e com o IMC e diretamente com a PA sistólica pré-diálise e com o tempo em tratamento hemodialítico. O por centoGPID foi maior no grupo de mulheres e no dos pacientes sem diagnóstico de diabetes mellitus. Pacientes com desnutrição tiveram maior por centoGPID apenas no subgrupo de pacientes mais jovens, quando comparados aos bem nutridos, segundo a ASG. Quando classificados pelo IMC, este achado foi encontrado no grupo total, no subgrupo das mulheres e no dos pacientes mais jovens. Do total, 24 por cento dos pacientes tinham por centoGPID elevado (> 5 por cento) e quando comparados ao grupo com por centoGPID adequado, estes apresentaram níveis de PA sistólica pré-diálise elevados e significativamente maiores (144 ± 21 versus 138 ± 20 mmHg; p < 0,05), eram mais novos e tinham menor IMC. CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados deste trabalho mostraram que o por centoGPID dos pacientes estudados foi influenciado pelo gênero, tempo de diálise, idade e estado nutricional, e que o por centoGPID elevado afetou adversamente os níveis pressóricos desta população.

INTRODUCTION: Studies have shown that interdialytic weight gain (IDWG) of hemodialysis (HD) patients is influenced by many factors, a high IDWG negatively affecting the blood pressure (BP) of this population. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the relation of clinical, demographic and nutritional factors and the IDWG of HD patients. METHODS: Cross-sectional study of 278 HD (54 percent males; age=54.4 ± 14.4 years) from 6 dialysis centers in the State of Santa Catarina, Brazil. The means of percentage interdialytic weight gain ( percentIDWG) and BP during a four-week period were calculated. Body mass index (BMI) and the 7-point subjective global assessment (SGA) scale were used to assess nutritional status. RESULTS: The means were: percentIDWG 4.06 ± 1.55 percent, pre-HD BP 140 ± 50 / 99 ± 25 mmHg, and post-HD BP 110 ± 27 / 78 ± 10 mmHg. percentIDWG inversely correlated with age and BMI and directly correlated with pre-HD systolic BP and time on HD. Women and patients without diabetes mellitus had higher percentIDWG. Only the younger subgroup of patients with SGA-defined malnutrition had higher percentIDWG than well-nourished ones. When malnutrition was BMI-defined, higher percentIDWG was found in the whole study population and in the female and younger age subgroups. 24 percent of the patients had increased percentIDWG (> 5 percent) and, when compared with those with adequate percentIDWG, had inadequate and higher levels of systolic BP (144 ± 21 versus 138 ± 20 mmHg, p < 0.05), were younger and had lower BMI. CONCLUSION: These results showed that percentIDWG of HD patients was influenced by gender, time on dialysis, age and nutritional status, and that high percentIDWG adversely affected the BP of this population.

Adherence and knowledge about hyperphosphatemia treatment in hemodialysis patients with hyperphosphatemia.

INTRODUCTION: Adequate dietary phosphorus intake and the use of phosphorus binders are the main tools for treating hyperphosphatemia. Thus, its success depends essentially on the patient's ability to understand and adhere to the dietary plan and the use of phosphate binders. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate hyperphosphatemic patients adherence and knowledge about phosphate control treatment. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study. One hundred and twelve patients on hemodialysis (60 males; age = 49.3 ± 13.3 years), from five dialysis centers with mean serum phosphorus > 5.5 mg/dL between July and December of 2008 (mean = 6.57 ± 0.73 mg/dL) were included. A questionnaire with questions about the consequences of hyperphosphataemia, foods high in phosphorus, appropriate use of phosphate binders and patient's opinion about reasons for treatment failure was administered. Laboratory parameters assessed were serum urea, calcium, phosphorus and parathormony (PTH), and dialysis adequacy by means of urea Kt/V. RESULTS: The average score of questionnaire was 78.5%. Regarding the reasons for the failure of the treatment of hyperphosphataemia, 87% indicated the response "because I eat more phosphorus than I should" and / or "because I do not take the phosphate binder as I should". Among those who said they did not use phosphate binder correctly, most (62%) justified to forget as the reason. The serum phosphorus correlated directly with serum urea (R = 0.33, p < 0.01) and inversely with Kt/V (R = -0.20, p < 0.05). There was no correlation between the phosphorus, the education level and the scores on questionnaire. CONCLUSION: Patients showed a good level of knowledge about the hyperphosphatemia treatment, but the vast majority were noncompliant to that. Strategies to improve compliance are necessary to decrease the incidence of hyperphosphatemia in hemodialysis patients.

Adesão e conhecimento sobre o tratamento da hiperfosfatemia de pacientes hiperfosfatêmicos em hemodiálise / Adherence and knowledge about hyperphosphatemia treatment in hemodialysis patients with hyperphosphatemia

INTRODUÇÃO: A orientação dietética e o uso adequado de quelantes de fósforo são a base do tratamento da hiperfosfatemia. Assim, seu sucesso depende essencialmente da habilidade do paciente em entender e aderir ao plano dietético e ao uso dos quelantes. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a adesão e o conhecimento de pacientes hiperfosfatêmicos em hemodiálise sobre o tratamento da hiperfosfatemia. METODOLOGIA: Estudo transversal. Foram incluídos 112 pacientes em hemodiálise (60 homens; idade = 49,3 ± 13,3 anos), de cinco unidades de diálise, que apresentaram média de fósforo sérico > 5,5 mg/dL entre julho e dezembro de 2008 (média = 6,57 ± 0,73 mg/dL). Foi aplicado um questionário que incluía questões fechadas sobre consequências da hiperfosfatemia, alimentos ricos em fósforo, uso adequado dos quelantes e opinião do paciente sobre os motivos do insucesso do tratamento. Os parâmetros laboratoriais avaliados foram: fósforo, cálcio, paratormônio e ureia séricos, e a eficiência da diálise por meio do Kt/V. RESULTADOS : A média de acertos das questões do questionário foi de 78,5 por cento. Com relação às razões do insucesso do tratamento da hiperfosfatemia, 87 por cento dos pacientes assinalaram a resposta "porque eu como mais fósforo do que eu deveria" e/ ou "porque eu não tomo o quelante de fósforo como eu deveria". Entre os que afirmaram não utilizar o quelante corretamente, a maioria (62 por cento) justificou o esquecimento como motivo. O fósforo sérico correlacionou-se diretamente com a ureia sérica (R = 0,33; p < 0,01) e inversamente com o Kt/V (R = -0,20; p < 0,05). Não houve correlação entre a fosfatemia, o nível de escolaridade e a pontuação no questionário. CONCLUSÃO: Os pacientes estudados apresentaram um bom nível de conhecimento sobre o tratamento da hiperfosfatemia, mas a maioria afirmou não ser aderente ao mesmo. Estratégias para melhorar a adesão ao tratamento são necessárias para diminuir a ocorrência da hiperfosfatemia nessa população.

INTRODUCTION: Adequate dietary phosphorus intake and the use of phosphorus binders are the main tools for treating hyperphosphatemia. Thus, its success depends essentially on the patient's ability to understand and adhere to the dietary plan and the use of phosphate binders. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate hyperphosphatemic patients adherence and knowledge about phosphate control treatment. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study. One hundred and twelve patients on hemodialysis (60 males; age = 49.3 ± 13.3 years), from five dialysis centers with mean serum phosphorus > 5.5 mg/dL between July and December of 2008 (mean = 6.57 ± 0.73 mg/dL) were included. A questionnaire with questions about the consequences of hyperphosphataemia, foods high in phosphorus, appropriate use of phosphate binders and patient's opinion about reasons for treatment failure was administered. Laboratory parameters assessed were serum urea, calcium, phosphorus and parathormony (PTH), and dialysis adequacy by means of urea Kt/V. RESULTS: The average score of questionnaire was 78.5 percent. Regarding the reasons for the failure of the treatment of hyperphosphataemia, 87 percent indicated the response "because I eat more phosphorus than I should" and / or "because I do not take the phosphate binder as I should". Among those who said they did not use phosphate binder correctly, most (62 percent) justified to forget as the reason. The serum phosphorus correlated directly with serum urea (R = 0.33, p < 0.01) and inversely with Kt/V (R = -0.20, p < 0.05). There was no correlation between the phosphorus, the education level and the scores on questionnaire. CONCLUSION: Patients showed a good level of knowledge about the hyperphosphatemia treatment, but the vast majority were noncompliant to that. Strategies to improve compliance are necessary to decrease the incidence of hyperphosphatemia in hemodialysis patients.