[Recommended nutritional norms for infants and pre-school children]. / Zalecane normy spozycia na skladniki pokarmowe u niemowlat i dzieci w wieku przedszkolnym.

The authors analyzing the results of investigations carried out the National Research Institute of Mother and Child and in many other competent scientific centres in the world, compare recommended nutritional norms for infants and for pre-school age children. They pay attention to particular characteristics of the developmental dynamics of growth which determine requirements for all food components. The authors present this problem in the light of data resulting from scientific objectivity of this problem creating scientific basis of nutrition. In many cases, particularly with reference to the requirements and recommendation of intake of food constituents, mostly in infancy, they are discussed on the basis of the research carried out at the Department of Nutrition and the Clinical Department of Nutritional Physiology of the National Research Institute of Mother and Child. According to the investigations the following daily nutritional norms are recommended: 2,6-3,6 g of protein, 3,0-3,5 g of fat, about 12 g of carbohydrate per kilogram of body mass. The authors stress that the quality of the products being the source of these nutritional components should also be scientifically investigated. In infancy it is very important that the milk is modified in such a way that it is similar to the human milk which constitutes the best example of quality and quantity to cover the requirements in the most dynamic period of development of a human being.

[Indicators of protein metabolism in infants with intrauterine dystrophy red various dietary mixtures]. / Wskazniki przemiany bialkowej u niemowlat urodzonych z dystrofia wewnatrzmaciczna (DW) zywionych róznymi mieszankami.

In the previous work published in No 7 of "Development Period Medicine" ( Problemy Medycyny Wieku Rozwojowego ) the results of nitrogen balance studies in S-f-D infants fed different milk formulas were described. The present study concerns other protein metabolism indices in the same infants. The infants were divided into four groups according to the formula they were fed. The composition of formulas is shown in table I. In the infants besides the balance study, serum urea nitrogen, protein and albumin level, were estimated once a month. Also urea, creatine and creatinine, and hydroxyproline in 24-hours urine collections were examined. Excretion of creatine, creatinine and hydroxyproline was summarized in 5 boys from the group of 38 investigated infants in the first five months of life when meat-free diet was fed. The above mentioned indices permit for better assessment of the effect of the diet on protein metabolism and the requirement of protein for S-f-D infants. The results of protein metabolism indices were compared with the indices obtained in F.S. infants similarly fed. Group S of S-f-D infants was compared with group A of F.S. infants and the other groups of S-f-D infants were compared with each other. In S-f-D infants fed formula S, a lower level of serum urea nitrogen was observed in comparison with F.S. infants of group A in spite of greater protein intake in S-f-D infants. This should prove a greater protein requirement in S-f-D infants. Decreased protein content and cow's milk fat modification also had profitable influence on protein utilization because serum urea nitrogen and nitrogen in urine were low in S-f-D infants fed this formula. Urine urea nitrogen as a part of total urine nitrogen is bigger in group S and C infants, and the lowest in group G infants (formula with lower fat and total protein content). Serum protein and albumin level was generally higher in S-f-D infants than in FS ones. Particularly high level of these parameters was observed in group G infants. The most regular behaviour of age trend versus protein and albumin level was observed in S-f-D infants fed formula H and C, fast increase of values was observed in the first half of life. In the S-f-D infants which were given formulas with decreased content of protein H and C group lower excretion of creatine was noted. As in FS infants, a gradual increase of creatine with age and body weight was stated. In 24-hour urine collection creatine excretion was lower, particularly in the infants daily creatinine excretion was positively correlated with body weight, body length and age.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

[Effect of the composition of the caloric pool on the indicators of protein metabolism in infants]. / Wplyw skladu puli kalorycznej na wskazniki przemiany bialkowej u niemowlat.

The influences of formula composition (more fat or carbohydrates as a source of energy) upon protein utilization and other indices of protein metabolism was studied. 15 healthy, full-size infants were divided into three groups K,L,M, five infants in every group according, to the formula given to them. The composition of formulas is shown in table I. In the second half of the first year of life all the infants were fed according to schema of infants nutrition obligatory in Poland, based on unmodified cow's milk formulas. In these infants, staying at the Clinical Department from 2 weeks until 12 months, once a month nitrogen balance study was carried out and serum urea nitrogen, serum protein and albumin level, urine urea nitrogen, creatine and hydroxyproline in urine were examined. Results of these studies allow for more exact assessment of diet influence on protein metabolism and body composition. The results of the 3 groups presented in the tables were compared using t-Student's test at the level of significance a = 0,05. In the second half of the first year of life investigations aimed at finding eventual influence of formulas given in he first six month of life on metabolism indices. Intake of protein in infants fed formulas K and L amounted to 2,5 g/kg b.w., but the indices of protein utilization were different. In infants fed the formula in which cow's milk fat was totally replaced by soya oil, digestibility index--Di % was higher, as well as NPU and NBI indices, and serum protein and albumin level. In the second half of the first year of life in those infants nitrogen intake as well as nitrogen absorption were higher, than in infants fed unmodified cow's milk fat formula. Too low content of fat formula (1 g of fat/100 g formula) and high content of protein (3 g/100 g formula) is not profitable in protein utilization and physical development indices. Protein intake in infants of group M was 3,3 g/kg b.w./24 hrs, protein utilization was poorer, serum urea nitrogen was higher, more urine urea nitrogen and total nitrogen in urine was excreted. In these infants, as in group L infants, the quantity of hydroxyproline were lower, which was reflected by poorer indices of physical development. It seems to us, that among three studied formulas formula K had the most profitable influence on the totally investigated infant protein metabolism indices.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)