RESUMO
We examined the pre-emptive analgesic effect of a cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 inhibitor in a rat surgical pain model and characterised the changes in cutaneous COX-2 around a surgical site. Thermal hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia were tested in the rats for three days after incision and skin tissues were collected for analysis of COX-2. There was decreased expression of cutaneous COX-2 one day after surgical incision. Pre-incision injection of the COX-2 inhibitor significantly inhibited expression of COX-2 and also reduced thermal hyperalgesia (but not mechanical allodynia) compared with the post-incision COX-2-inhibitor injection group, one day after incision.
Assuntos
Inibidores de Ciclo-Oxigenase 2/uso terapêutico , Manejo da Dor/métodos , Dor Pós-Operatória/prevenção & controle , Pirazóis/uso terapêutico , Sulfonamidas/uso terapêutico , Doença Aguda , Análise de Variância , Animais , Comportamento Animal , Western Blotting , Ciclo-Oxigenase 2/biossíntese , Temperatura Alta , Hiperalgesia/prevenção & controle , Masculino , Medição da Dor/efeitos dos fármacos , Limiar da Dor/efeitos dos fármacos , Estimulação Física , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-DawleyRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To assess the nutritional status of institutionalized Taiwanese elderly with the Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) without BMI and to determine whether the application of population-specific MAC and CC cutoff standards would improve the functionality of the tool. DESIGN: Purposive sampling. SETTING: A long-term care facility in central Taiwan. PARTICIPANTS: Two hundred and eight > 65 y residents who were free of acute infection/diseases and were able to communicate. MEASUREMENTS: A questionnaire survey to elicit personal data and administer the MNA and measurements of anthropometric and blood biochemical indicators. RESULTS: The MNA, without BMI, predicted 22.1% of participants malnourished and 61.1% at risk of malnutrition among residents of a long-term care facility in Taiwan. Replacing the population-specific cutoff standards of MAC and CC for the original cutoff standards in the MNA and increasing the weighted score of MAC and CC to replace for the weighted score of BMI preserved and improved the predicting ability of the MNA. The improvement was evidenced by the increase in the correlationships between the MNA scores and the anthropometric, biochemical or health status indicators. CONCLUSION: The MNA predicted nutritional risk status of the institutionalized elderly Taiwanese. The study suggests that whenever possible population-specific anthropometric cutoff standards should be applied to improve the functionality of the MNA. It also appears possible to preserve or even improve the functionality of the MNA without BMI. The modifications indicate an improvement in the application of the MNA in long-term care patients.
Assuntos
Avaliação Geriátrica/métodos , Desnutrição/diagnóstico , Avaliação Nutricional , Estado Nutricional , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Braço/anatomia & histologia , Índice de Massa Corporal , Tamanho Corporal , Feminino , Humanos , Institucionalização , Perna (Membro)/anatomia & histologia , Masculino , Valores de Referência , TaiwanRESUMO
The effects of (D-Ala2)-Met-enkephalin (DAME) on the nictitating membrane contraction induced by either cervical sympathetic nerve stimulation or i.v. administration of norepinephrine were assessed in anesthetized cats. The contraction induced by sympathetic nerve stimulation (0.5--16 Hz) was greatly reduced by pretreatment with DAME (300 micrograms/kg, i.v.). The reduction due to DAME was readily reversed by administration of naloxone (1 mg/kg, i.v.). The contraction, enhanced after administration of cocaine, was also suppressed by DAME. On the other hand, the contraction induced by i.v. application of norepinephrine was unaffected by DAME pretreatment. The results indicate that DAME exhibit a morphine-like effect of the contraction of the nictitating membrane.
