[Evolution of insulin therapy: past, present, future].

2021 marks the 100th anniversary of the discovery of insulin, an event that forever changed the lives of people with diabetes mellitus. At present patients around the world experience the miracle of insulin therapy every day. A disease that used to kill children and teenagers in 2 years in 1920 has become a disease that can be controlled with a possibility to lead a long productive life. Over the past century, the great discovery of Banting, Best and Collip has forever changed the world and saved millions of lives. This review is devoted to the history of the development of insulin and its further improvement: from the moment of discovery to the present days. Various generations of insulin are considered: from animals to modern ultrashort and basal analogues. The article ends with a brief review of current trends in the development of new delivery methods and the development of new insulin molecules. Over the past century, insulin therapy has come a long way, which has significantly improved the quality of life of our patients. But research is actively continuing, including in the field of alternative methods of insulin delivery, which are more convenient for the patient, as well as in the development of «smart¼ molecules that will have a glucose-dependent effect.

[Characteristics of purchases of hypoglycemic agents in pharmacy retail sector in 2016-2020 years dynamics].

BACKGROUND: Procurement of medicines reflects the demand and frequency of prescribing certain drugs, which makes it possible to assess the quality of medical care and compliance with standards. The Russian pharmaceutical market is dynamically developing and expanding, therefore, the commercial sector of drug circulation is a significant part of it and should be studied along with public procurement. Given the significant number of patients diagnosed with diabetes mellitus (DM) in our country, we considered it appropriate and interesting to analyze the structure and volume of turnover of antidiabetic drugs in the retail trade over five years. AIM: to assess the dynamics of the cost and sales volumes of hypoglycemic drugs in the commercial sector for 2019-2020 compared to 2016. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The analysis was made on the basis of the data of antidiabetic drugs purchases in Russian pharmacies in 2016 and 2019-2020, according to 95257 pharmacies data. RESULTS: In 2020, compared to 2016, we see a significant increase in the number of packages purchases (+14,952,897 rub.) and the purchases total amount (+9,377,975,722 rub.), in parallel with the increase in average price per box of the hypoglycemic drug +199, 57 rub. The average price for DPP4 decreased. The cost per pack of metformin remains one of the lowest, second only to glibenclamide and gliclazide. The most expensive drugs include GLP1 group representatives. Insulin purchases have halved, when budget for GLP1 have increased by 10 times, for SGLT2 by 9.5 times, and for DPP4 by 2.1 times. In 2020, metformin gliclazide, a combination of glibencladimide with metformin, glibenclamide and vildgaliptin remain leaders in the number of purchased packages. The purchase leaders in terms of budget share are: metformin, gliclazide, liraglutide, vildagliptin and dapagliflozinCONCLUSION: There are positive trends in the demand for more effective innovative hypoglycemic drugs, however, the affordability of drugs still dominates over the feasibility of their clinical use, and a high percentage of drug turnover in the commercial sector might indicates insufficient funding for drug provision for patients with diabetes mellitus.

[Chromatin and Polycomb: Biology and bioinformatics].

All cells of a multicellular eukaryotic organism carry almost the same genome, still they obviously demonstrate phenotypes of very divergent kinds. The most probable explanation of the divergence is that different groups of genes are expressed in cells of different types. Expression is regulated at all steps between DNA and a protein, but transcription regulation is the most common regulatory mechanism. Transcription factors, which bind to specific areas of chromatin, can mediate the regulation. Their binding depends on the chromatin structure, which drastically differs among cell types. The key role in the structural organization is played by covalent histone modifications in chromatin. A combination of particular modifications in a chromatin region determines its structure and, consequently, its accessibility for enzymes. The best studied histone modifications are described in the review. Each modification has its specific mechanism that the cell uses to establish or to eliminate it. Activity of various Polycomb complexes is a key mechanism that represses chromatin and plays a central role, for example, in cell differentiation. The compositions and functionality of Polycomb complexes in various species are considered. Owing to modern experimental techniques, ample data are currently available for histone modifications and other epigenomic features of chromatin in various tissues and organisms, allowing bioinformatic investigation of the epigenome. Many computational and visualization methods have been developed for such studies, and the main of them are covered in the review.

[Use of controlled respiratory rhythm to enhance stress resistance in pupils].

To enhance stress resistance in pupils is now a very urgent problem. The influence of a method affecting the central nervous system as acquisition of the averaged value of intrinsic respiratory rhythm has been studied. There has been a positive result of using the procedure to increase working capacity during performance by pupils and positive changes in electroencephalographic readings, by optimizing the autonomic provision for their activity.