Hepatic malformations: morphogenetic, anatomical and pathological features

Hepatic organogenesis is a complex process involving various molecular and cellular determinants. Knowledge of the anatomical and functional structure of the liver and its relationship with other abdominal organs is fundamental from a surgical point of view. Clinical autopsies were performed upon twelve fetal specimens. Photographic footage was reviewed for fetal livers presenting macroscopic abnormalities, and relevant cases were included. A search was conducted employing terms pertaining hepatic malformations’ morphogenetic, anatomical and pathological features. A thorough review was elaborated introducing an updated classification based on autopsy findings and available literature. Twelve fetal specimens underwent clinical autopsies. Gestational age ranged between 18 and 38 weeks (mean 28 weeks). All livers displayed symmetrical lobes. Seven of them presented at least one dysmorphic feature on macroscopic examination. Hepatic malformations can be classified into anomalies due to excessive development, defective development or extrinsic factors. The relevance of the proper identification of liver malformations lies in the broad spectrum of clinical manifestations with different degrees of morbidity associated with them

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Educational Alignment: Learning ­ Teaching Approaches as Influencing Factors / Alineamiento educacional: abordajes de aprendizaje y enseñanza como factores influyentes

Innovations in medical curricula require a thorough evaluaron of all aspects playing a role in the complex intenelations between leamers ­teachers­educacional context. Among these numerous factors, the congruency of the educational alignment is of upmost importance. To evaluare this alignment, two essential components need to be examined: the leaming approach of students (deep approach vs surface approach) and the teaching approach of staff members (student centered approach vs teacher centered approach). The results obtained can be used to determine if the leaming objectives and the educational interventions are properlv aligned to assure a high quality program, fostering self-directed and lifedong leaming professionals. The litera ture here presentad can serve the purpose of encouraging ¿nstitutions undergoing curricular changes into analyzing important aspects that were commonly ignored in more tradicional programs.

La implementación de innovaciones en programas académicos de medicina requiere evaluar los aspectos que cumplen papeles fundamentales dentro de la compleja relación del sistema estudiante