A wise person plants a tree a day before the end of the world: coping with the emotional experience of climate change in Poland.

It is now widely accepted that we are in a climate emergency, and the number of people who are concerned about this problem is growing. Yet, qualitative, in-depth studies to investigate the emotional response to climate change were conducted either in high-income, western countries, or in low-income countries particularly vulnerable to climate change. To our knowledge, there are no qualitative studies conducted in countries that share great barriers to decarbonization while being significant contributors to carbon emissions. Since climate change affects people globally, it is crucial to study this topic in a variety of socio-political contexts. In this work, we discuss views and reflections voiced by highly concerned residents of Poland, a Central European country that is a major contributor to Europe's carbon emissions. We conducted 40 semi-structured interviews with Polish residents, who self-identified as concerned about climate change. A variety of emotions related to climate change were identified and placed in the context of four major themes: dangers posed by climate change, the inevitability of its consequences, attributions of responsibility, and commonality of concern. Our findings highlight a variety of often ambivalent and conflicting emotions that change along with the participant's thoughts, experiences and behaviours. Furthermore, we describe a wide repertoire of coping strategies, which promoted well-being and sustained long-term engagement in climate action. As such, our work contributes to research on a broad array of climate-related emotions. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12144-022-03807-3.

Stigma among Individuals with Substance Use Disorders: Does it Predict Substance Use, and Does it Diminish with Treatment?

AIMS: Drug and alcohol use-related stigma affects employment, physical and mental health, and has been shown to be a barrier to seeking treatment. Thus, the need to address stigma in substance use disorders treatment has been noted in the clinical literature. We aimed to examine whether stigma is related to alcohol/substance use as well as whether treatment as usual for substance use disorders affects stigma, depressive symptoms, and quality of life. METHODS: Participants were individuals attending intensive outpatient treatment for substance use disorders. Baseline sample consisted of 17 Caucasian, predominantly male (i.e. 65%) participants, averaging 34.06 years of age. At post-treatment and one month follow-up assessments there were 12 and 7 participants respectively. RESULTS: Higher post-treatment stigma was significantly related to a greater number of drug use days at follow-up. We did not find significant differences between baseline, post-treatment and follow-up assessment on self-stigma. However, participants reported a significant decrease in symptoms of depression from baseline to post-treatment and a significant increase in these symptoms between post-treatment and follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that stigma may have a detrimental impact on substance use. Also, while depressive symptoms may improve as a result of treatment as usual for substance use disorders, symptoms of depression may worsen shortly after treatment. These results highlight the need for more work on these relationships due to the very preliminary nature of these findings.

[Diagnosis and surgical treatment of idiopathic macular holes]. / Diagnostyka i leczenie chirurgiczne idiopatycznych otworów plamki.

AIM: Evaluation of diagnostical methods and pars plana vitrectomy (ppv) in surgical treatment of idiopathic macular holes. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Group of 16 patients, 15 women and 1 man, aged between 48 and 78 years, mean age 63 years. The surgical treatment--ppv were performed in all patients with macular holes stage II-IV. In all patients the following examinations were performed: distant and near visual acuity, ophthalmoscopy in Volk 60 lens, Amsler test, colour vision test with anomaloscope IF2, ultrasonic evaluation of vitreous chamber and particularly of premacular region, and electrophysiological tests-visual evoked potentials (VEP) and electroretinography (ERG). 12 patients were treated by ppv with exchange fluid-gas SF6, and in 4 patients extra adjuvant--own patient's serum was injected after earlier exchange fluid-air-gas SF6. RESULTS: In 80% of cases there was an improvement of vision observed by patients, improvement of near visual acuity and reduction of metamorphopsia in Amsler test. In USG examination the reduction of macular thickening, lack of operculum and presence of complete posterior vitreous detachment in the region of macula were observed after surgery. In electrophysiological investigations there was the improvement of VEP parameters using 1/4 visual field as a stimulus. In 1 case treated with adjuvants, there was endophtalmitis with secondary retinal detachment after ppv. CONCLUSIONS: Ppv in nearly all cases gave good results for patients--improvement of visual comfort and reduction of central defect of vision. It also gave good surgical--anatomical results. Using of adjuvant--own patient's serum, did not improve in particular way the functional and anatomical results of surgery.

[Image and diagnostic value of ultrasonography and magnetic resonance in selected cases of orbital diseases]. / Obraz i wartosc diagnostyczna ultrasonografii i rezonansu magnetycznego w wybranych przypadkach chorób oczodolu

PURPOSE: To compare diagnostic efficiency of USG and MR in orbital diseases. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The clinical material comprised 25 cases of various orbital changes, mostly tumor-like, examined between January 1994 and March 1995 using USG and MR. The value of both methods was compared as well as the results of histopathological studies performed in 15 eyes. Four selected cases are presented in details. RESULTS: In most cases proper diagnosis was state basing both on USG and MR examinations. In 2 cases of USG examination and in 2 of MR misdiagnosis was state as compared with histopathological results. In small tumors and those localised in the anterior part or apex of the orbit MR gives better images. CONCLUSION: USG and MR are complementary diagnostic methods of orbital soft tissue changes, very efficient if made by an experienced examiner.

[Comparison of clinical and ultrasonographic results in eyes with silicone oil]. / Porównanie wyników badan klinicznych i ultrasonograficznych w oczach z olejem sylikonowym.

20 eyes filled with silicone oil were examined clinically and with ultrasonography. Both examinations were performed by two independent groups of investigators. The results were compared according to the extent of retinal detachment and its features. The authors discussed the reasons of differences between the two methods. The common difficulties to interpret USG pictures of silicon oil filled eyes are discussed.

[Retinal detachment after accidental intra-vitreous Depo-Medrol injection. A case report]. / Odwarstwienie siatkówki spowodowane przypadkowym wstrzyknieciem Depo-Medrolu do ciala szklistego. Opis przypadku.

BACKGROUND: Accidental Depo-Medrol injection into vitreous cavity is a very rare complication and early retinal detachment, associated with it, has a very poor prognosis. METHODS: A case of a women, 34, treated on account of anterior uveitis, in whom during Depo-Medrol injection perforation of the eyeball was done is presented. The drug was injected into the vitreous and retinal detachment developed. The severe changes observed in the fundus of the eye are described. In the treatment vitrectomy, encirclement, radial buckling and endolaser were applied. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Retinal attachment with good functional results was achieved, which indicates the importance of early surgical treatment in such cases. Vitrectomy allows to remove the noxious substance from the eye, to see and evaluate the retinal changes and to apply a proper treatment.

Properties ofChlorella vulgaris strain adapted to high concentration of ammonium nitrogen.

Chlorella vulgaris is very sensitive to high concentrations of ammonium nitrogen. In medium containing 0.33 g NH4-N/1 its growth is inhibited by 50%. Prolonged incubation of the strain in media inhibiting any increase in cell number enabled the isolation of a strain with enhanced tolerance to high ammonium nitrogen concentration. The strain has been designated Chlorella vulgaris/AA. The concentration of nitrogen inhibiting the growth of the strain by 50% was 195 g NH4-N/1. The acquired character proved stable. The isolated strain also demonstrated increased tolerance to high concentration of urea nitrogen. Chl. vulgaris/AA cells were larger than the cells of the parental strain.