RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To study the relationship between maternal circulating fuels and neonatal size and compare the relative effects of glucose and lipids. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: The Pune Maternal Nutrition Study (1993-1996) investigated the influence of maternal nutrition on fetal growth. We measured maternal body size and glucose and lipid concentrations during pregnancy and examined their relationship with birth size in full-term babies using correlation and regression techniques. RESULTS: The mothers (n = 631) were young (mean age 21 years), short (mean height 151.9 cm), and thin (BMI 18.0 kg/m(2)) but were relatively more adipose (body fat 21.1%). Their diet was mostly vegetarian. Between 18 and 28 weeks' gestation, fasting glucose concentrations remained stable, whereas total cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations increased and HDL-cholesterol concentrations decreased. The mean birth weight of the offspring was 2666 g. Total cholesterol and triglycerides at both 18 and 28 weeks and plasma glucose only at 28 weeks were associated directly with birth size. One SD higher maternal fasting glucose, cholesterol, and triglyceride concentrations at 28 weeks were associated with 37, 54, and 36 g higher birth weights, respectively (P < 0.05 for all). HDL-cholesterol concentrations were unrelated to newborn measurements. The results were similar if preterm deliveries also were included in the analysis (total n = 700). CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest an influence of maternal lipids on neonatal size in addition to the well-established effect of glucose. Further research should be directed at defining the clinical relevance of these findings.
Assuntos
Peso ao Nascer/fisiologia , Glicemia/fisiologia , Desenvolvimento Fetal/fisiologia , Lipídeos/sangue , Adulto , Colesterol/sangue , Feminino , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Gravidez , Triglicerídeos/sangue , Adulto JovemRESUMO
A new dipyranocoumarin, α-hydroxytomentolide A (1) was isolated from the leaves of Calophyllum apetalum together with the known compounds friedelin (2), apetalactone (3), inophyllum C (4) and canophyllol (5). The structure of the new compound was established by spectroscopic studies which include (1)H NMR, (13)C NMR, NOESY, HetCOSY, COLOC experiments and single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis.
Assuntos
Calophyllum/química , Cumarínicos/isolamento & purificação , Extratos Vegetais/análise , Folhas de Planta/química , Cumarínicos/química , Espectroscopia de Ressonância Magnética , Estrutura Molecular , Difração de Raios XRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Common variants in PPARG, KCNJ11, TCF7L2, SLC30A8, HHEX, CDKN2A, IGF2BP2, and CDKAL1 genes have been shown to be associated with type 2 diabetes in European populations by genome-wide association studies. We have studied the association of common variants in these eight genes with type 2 diabetes and related traits in Indians by combining the data from two independent case-control studies. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We genotyped eight single nucleotide polymorphisms (PPARG-rs1801282, KCNJ11-rs5219, TCF7L2-rs7903146, SLC30A8-rs13266634, HHEX-rs1111875, CDKN2A-rs10811661, IGF2BP2-rs4402960, and CDKAL1-rs10946398) in 5,164 unrelated Indians of Indo-European ethnicity, including 2,486 type 2 diabetic patients and 2,678 ethnically matched control subjects. RESULTS: We confirmed the association of all eight loci with type 2 diabetes with odds ratio (OR) ranging from 1.18 to 1.89 (P = 1.6 x 10(-3) to 4.6 x 10(-34)). The strongest association with the highest effect size was observed for TCF7L2 (OR 1.89 [95% CI 1.71-2.09], P = 4.6 x 10(-34)). We also found significant association of PPARG and TCF7L2 with homeostasis model assessment of beta-cell function (P = 6.9 x 10(-8) and 3 x 10(-4), respectively), which looked consistent with recessive and under-dominant models, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Our study replicates the association of well-established common variants with type 2 diabetes in Indians and shows larger effect size for most of them than those reported in Europeans.
Assuntos
Proteínas de Transporte de Cátions/genética , Quinase 5 Dependente de Ciclina/genética , Inibidor p16 de Quinase Dependente de Ciclina/genética , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/epidemiologia , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/genética , Variação Genética , Proteínas de Homeodomínio/genética , PPAR gama/genética , Canais de Potássio Corretores do Fluxo de Internalização/genética , Proteínas de Ligação a RNA/genética , Fatores de Transcrição TCF/genética , Fatores de Transcrição/genética , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/genética , Etnicidade/genética , Feminino , Estudo de Associação Genômica Ampla/métodos , Genótipo , Humanos , Índia/epidemiologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Valores de Referência , Proteína 2 Semelhante ao Fator 7 de Transcrição , População Branca/genética , Transportador 8 de Zinco , tRNA MetiltransferasesRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To study determinants of incident hyperglycemia in rural Indian mothers 6 years after delivery. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: The Pune Maternal Nutrition Study collected information in six villages near Pune on prepregnant characteristics and nutrition, physical activity, and glucose tolerance during pregnancy. An oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was repeated 6 years after delivery. RESULTS: A total of 597 mothers had an OGTT at 28 weeks' gestation; 3 had gestational diabetes (by World Health Organization 1999 criteria). Six years later, 42 of 509 originally normal glucose-tolerant mothers were hyperglycemic (8 diabetic, 20 with impaired glucose tolerance, and 14 with impaired fasting glucose). The hyperglycemic women had shorter legs and thicker skinfolds before pregnancy (P < 0.01, both), were less active and more hyperglycemic (2-h plasma glucose 4.8 vs. 4.4 mmol/l, P < 0.001) during pregnancy, and gained more weight during follow-up (6.0 vs. 2.7 kg, P < 0.001). Multivariate analysis revealed that total leukocyte count and blood pressure during pregnancy were additional independent predictors of 2-h glucose concentration at follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that compromised linear growth, adiposity, inflammation, and less physical activity predispose to hyperglycemia in young rural Indian women. International cut points of diabetes risk factors are largely irrelevant in these women.
Assuntos
Parto Obstétrico/estatística & dados numéricos , Hiperglicemia/epidemiologia , Gravidez/fisiologia , Adulto , Glicemia/metabolismo , Índice de Massa Corporal , Diabetes Gestacional/epidemiologia , Feminino , Seguimentos , Intolerância à Glucose/epidemiologia , Teste de Tolerância a Glucose , Humanos , Incidência , Índia/epidemiologia , População Rural , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: This study was undertaken to study the effect of parity on maternal and neonatal characteristics. STUDY DESIGN: Maternal anthropometry, diet, micronutrient status, biochemistry, and physical activity were measured during pregnancy and detailed neonatal size recorded in 770 pregnancies in rural Maharashtra, India. RESULTS: Increasing parity was associated with larger offspring birth weight, skinfold thicknesses, and abdominal circumference, but not head circumference and length. Compared with primiparous women, multiparous women were older, less adipose, and more physically active but had similar education, socioeconomic status, nutritional intake, and weight gain during pregnancy. They had lower circulating concentrations of hemoglobin, albumin, ferritin, glucose, and insulin and lower total leucocyte counts at 18 and 28 weeks' gestation. There was no difference in their husbands' body size. The relationship between maternal parity and neonatal weight and adiposity was significant independent of the difference in maternal characteristics. CONCLUSION: Increasing maternal parity predicts increasing adiposity in the newborn infant. This may result from maternal nutritional, cardiovascular, or immunologic factors.
