Can Healthy Eating Index Be a Predictor for Early Childhood Caries in Indian Children.

OBJECTIVE: To assess whether Healthy Eating Index (HEI) can predict Error correction code (ECC) in children of 3-6 year old. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Our sample included 350 3-6 year old children attending outpatient department of Pedodontia. Caries score was assessed using decayed, missing, and filled teeth index and HEI was used to evaluate the diet quality. RESULTS: About 65.9% of the children who were breast feeding and bottle feeding at night had higher S-ECC and it was statistically significant (P = 0.001). CONCLUSION: HEI scores were inversely related to caries severity, i.e. HEI score was significantly higher in simple ECC (57.4) and lesser in S-ECC (53.2).

Post-transcriptional gene silencing: Basic concepts and applications.

Post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS)-mediated gene silencing exploits the cellular mechanism wherein transcripts having sequence similarity to the double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) molecules present in the cell will be subjected to degradation. PTGS is closely related to natural processes such as RNA-mediated virus resistance and cross-protection in plants. Gene silencing and the cellular machinery for affecting this phenomenon might have evolved as a natural protective measure against viral infection in plants. In PTGS, small interfering RNA (siRNA) molecules of 21-23 nucleotides length act as homology guides for triggering the systemic degradation of transcripts homologous to the siRNA molecules. PTGS phenomenon, first discovered in transgenic petunia plants harbouring chalcone synthase gene and termed co-suppression, has been subsequently exploited to target specific gene transcripts for degradation leading to manifestation of desirable traits in crop plants. Targeted gene silencing has been achieved either through the introduction of DNA constructs encoding dsRNA or antisense RNA or by deploying cosuppression constructs producing siRNAs against the transcript of interest. Understanding the mechanism of gene silencing has led to the development of several alternative strategies for inducing gene silencing in a precise and controlled way. This has paved the way for using PTGS as one ofthe chief functional genomicstools in plants and has helped in unraveling the mechanism of many cellular processes and identifying the focal points in pathways, besides, opening new vistas in genetic engineering of plants for human benefits. PTGS has shown great potential in silencing the deleterious genes efficiently so that value-added plant products could be obtained. Thus, PTGS has ushered in a new era in the genetic manipulation of plants for both applied and basic studies. In this review, we have outlined the basics of RNAi-mediated gene silencing and summarized the work carried out at our institute using this approach, as case studies. In particular, adopting RNAi-mediated gene silencing (a) as a method to restore fertility in transgenic male sterile lines developed based on orfH522 gene from sunflower PET1-CMS source, (b) as a tool to suppress the production of toxic proteins, ricin and RCA, in castor, and (c) as an approach to induce bud necrosis virus resistance in sunflower has been discussed. Examples from other plant systems also have been mentioned to exemplify the concept and utility of gene silencing in crop plants.

Quasi-phase-matched third harmonic generation in organic multilayers.

We report the first realization of quasi-phase-matched (QPM) third harmonic generation in isotropic polymer films. Spin-coated thin films of ethyl-violet molecules dispersed in a polymer host (EV) were used as cubic nonlinear optical media because of their transparency at both the fundamental (1230 nm) and the third harmonic (410 nm) wavelengths. A passive layer of a UV-curable material was formed to compensate the phase shift between the two light waves after propagating through each EV layer. We fabricated a series of samples with 1~4 EV layers (0~3 alternatingly coated passive layers). The third harmonic output power showed a quadratic increase with the number of layers, providing a strong evidence for successful quasi-phase-matching. A conversion efficiency of 0.15% was observed with a 190 fs pulse input.

Assessment of Relation of Orofacial Structures with Pharynx among Males and Females: A Lateral Cephalometric Study.

AIM: This study aimed to determine the correlation between orofacial structure and oropharyngeal airway space. MATERIALS AND METHODS: It comprised of 160 individuals aged 14-24 years (males: 80 and females: 80), in which digital lateral cephalograms were taken. Linear and cephalometric analyses were performed in all cases. RESULTS: Ba-PNS, apw2-ppw2, hy-apw2, distance between tongue and posterior pharyngeal wall (t-ppw), and Hormion perpendicular and anterior nasal spine-posterior nasal spine (ANS-PNS) showed significant difference between males and females (P < 0.05). Other distances such as Ba-ad1, Ba-ad2, Ptm-ad1, Ptm-ad2, PNS-ppw1, and apw4-ppw4 were statistically nonsignificant (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Linear and cephalometric measurements showed that Ba-PNS, t-ppw, Hy-ppw2, distance between Ho perpendicular and ANS-PNS plane, and apw2-ppw2 were higher in males as compared to females. Lateral cephalograms are useful in orthodontics in performing tracings in individuals with a potential risk of malocclusion.

A strategy to enhance the efficiency of dye-sensitized solar cells by the highly efficient TiO2/ZnS photoanode.

In dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), the TiO2 photoanode film plays an important role in increasing the power conversion efficiency. In this work, TiO2 nanoparticles were first coated on fluorine-doped tin oxide by the doctor-blade method, and then a thin film of zinc sulfide (ZnS) was successfully fabricated on the surface of the TiO2 nanoparticles using the successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction method. The performance of the DSSCs was examined in detail using a cobalt sulfide counter electrode and I(-)/I3(-) electrolyte. X-ray diffraction and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy measurements were used to find the composition of the films. Characterization with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy indicated that the recombination rate decreased drastically during the electron transportation. The DSSCs based on ZnS coated TiO2 photoanode achieved a power conversion efficiency of 5.90% under 1 sunlight illumination, which is higher than that of the bare TiO2 photoanode (4.43%). This suggests that the promising ZnS-coated TiO2 nanoparticles accumulate a large number of photo-injected electrons in the conduction band of the photoanode and the N719 dye lowers the recombination of photo-injected electrons with the redox electrolyte.

A Technique of Single-Incision Laparoscopic Appendectomy Using Conventional Multiport Laparoscopic Instruments (SILACI): Preliminary Experience of 32 Cases.

Single-incision laparoscopic appendectomy seeks to further reduce the trauma of parietal access to abdomen. The challenge of this surgery lies in the compromised ergonomics of instrument movement and triangulation. In this context, a feasibility study of an operative technique of single-incision laparoscopic appendectomy with technical modifications was conducted. This prospective study was carried out in tertiary care teaching institute of a semi-urban area in South India over a period of 1 year from June 2010 to May 2011. Thirty-two patients of acute appendicitis were included in this study. Mean operative time was 56.7 min (40-85 min). Mean age of subjects was 41 ± 15 years. M/F ratio was 2:1. There was no significant peri-operative morbidity or mortality. Mean follow-up period was 8 months. We propose that this technique of single-incision laparoscopic appendectomy using conventional multiport laparoscopic instruments (SILACI) is feasible, safe, and cost-effective.

Criteria for Laparoscopic Advanced Surgery in Semi-Equipped Setup (CLASS): Feasibility Study Based on Institutional Experience.

Laparoscopic and Minimally invasive techniques have become a routine practice for various surgical disorders in present times. Though, advanced laparoscopic procedures are feasible they are largely restricted to fewer centers due to lack of advanced instrumentation, finances and expertise at most of them. In this context, we conducted a feasibility study to evolve definite criteria for performing advanced laparoscopic surgeries in resource restricted set-ups. We present our experience with 25 cases of advanced laparoscopic procedures using conventional laparoscopic instruments. We evaluated the clinico-investigative profile and operative details of all the patients. We classified the surgical expertise, laparoscopic instrumentation, surgical set ups and patient factors systematically to evolve the criteria for feasibility of advanced laparoscopicsurgery. Out of the 22 eligible patients for the study, various laparoscopic surgeries performed were - Fundoplication (4), Cystogastrostomy (3), Endoscopic thyroidectomy (7), Thoracoscopic Thyroidectomy (2), Adrenalectomy (5) and Retroperitoneal paraganglioma excision (1). There was no mortality and two morbidities in the form of hypercarbia and a tracheo-cutaneous fistula in 2 cases of endoscopic thyroidectomy. According to the criteria, we propose our surgical set up falls in to Grade 3, for which this criteria fits in. This study demonstrates the feasibility of advanced laparoscopic procedures in semi-equipped set-up, preferably by employing institute specific criteria of CLASS.

Combination of carvacrol with methotrexate suppresses Complete Freund's Adjuvant induced synovial inflammation with reduced hepatotoxicity in rats.

The present study evaluated the therapeutic benefit of the combination of carvacrol, an isoprenoid having potential anti-inflammatory action, with methotrexate in suppressing Complete Freund's Adjuvant induced arthritis and attenuating methotrexate induced hepatic damage. Arthritis was induced in rats with Complete Freund's Adjuvant. Animals received methotrexate (2mg/kg) intraperitonealy once a week for 5 weeks alone and along with carvacrol orally (50 and 100mg/kg) respectively from the 10th to the 42nd day. Control and carvacrol alone group were also studied. Paw volume, hypernociception, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate were evaluated as arthritic markers. Hepatic marker enzymes in serum; myeloperoxidase, protein oxidation, and oxidative measures were determined in the liver homogenate. Liver histological assessments were also carried out. Methotrexate significantly controlled arthritis; however, liver damage was evident due to oxidative stress and rise in myeloperoxidase levels. Carvacrol suppressed the hyperalgesic response, significantly alleviated arthritis and reduced damage to the hepatocytes owing to a decline in the levels of myeloperoxidase and oxidative markers. High dose of the combination reduced the levels of glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, glutamic pyruvic transaminase and alkaline phosphatase by 24.74%, 30.2% and 28.14% compared with methotrexate treatment. Histological assessment also revealed that carvacrol minimizes methotrexate induced liver toxicity. In combination, carvacrol promoted the anti-arthritic action of methotrexate, reduced neutrophils infiltration and peroxidative damage to the liver. Therefore, carvacrol can serve as a useful adjuvant and promote the safe use of methotrexate in the management of arthritis.

Curcumin and piperine abrogate lipid and protein oxidation induced by D-galactose in rat brain.

Cerebellar atrophy during ageing can produce neurobehavioural changes characterized by cognitive and motor impairment. Chronic exposure to D-galactose, a reducing sugar can accelerate ageing by producing an unprecedented rise in oxidative load. This can enhance neuronal damage by promoting the oxidation of protein and lipids. We perceived that the simultaneous administration of piperine and curcumin, two powerful antioxidants can exert neuroprotective effect by inhibiting damage caused by the chronic exposure to D-galactose. Young Wistar rats treated with D-galactose (150 mg/kg, s.c.) were simultaneously treated with piperine alone, curcumin separately; and in combination for a period of 56 days by the oral route. A vehicle control, D-galactose alone and naturally aged control were also evaluated. Cognitive changes, motor impairment, protein carbonyls, protein thiols, advanced oxidation protein products, 4 hydroxynonenol and nitric oxide levels were determined in the brain homogenate. In order to ascertain the impact of cerebellum on motor performance, histopathological changes in the cerebellum were also established. Results obtained from our studies reflect a marked improvement in memory, sensorimotor performance, reduced oxidative and nitrosative burden on simultaneous treatment with piperine and curcumin. Furthermore, alterations produced in the Purkinje cells were minimized on treatment with the combination. Our studies demonstrated the influence of protein and lipid oxidation products on behavioural changes in D-galactose induced ageing model. Incorporation of these antioxidants might reduce the risk of developing neurodegenerative disorders, an important counterpart of advancing age.

A Unusual Case of Complicated Zenker's Diverticulum.

We report the surgical management of a case of Zenker's diverticulum in a 64 year old man, complicated by metallic nail penetration and surgical scarring due to previous surgery for cervical vertebral trauma.

Protective effect of N-acetylcysteine on bisphenol A-induced cognitive dysfunction and oxidative stress in rats.

Bisphenol A (BPA) is commonly used as a monomer in polycarbonate plastics. The present study was designed to investigate the effect of BPA on cognitive functions and oxidative stress in the brain tissue of rats and if co-administration of N-acetylcysteine (NAC), an antioxidant, can modulate the effect of BPA on cognitive functions and prevent any possible oxidative stress. The BPA was administered per orally (p.o) in two doses 2 and 20 µg/kg for 28 days. Cognitive functions were assessed using step-down latency (SDL) on a passive avoidance apparatus and spatial navigation task on Morris water maze. Oxidative stress was assessed by examining brain malondialdehyde (MDA) and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels. A significant reduction in SDL, and prolongation of latency in spatial navigation task were observed in BPA (2 and 20 µg/kg) treated group as compared to control group. The co-administration of NAC (100 mg/kg, p.o) antagonized the effect of BPA on SDL and spatial navigation test. NAC treatment also attenuated the BPA-induced increased MDA levels and decreased GSH levels in brain. Results of the present study show that NAC has potential to reverse cognitive dysfunction and oxidative stress induced by BPA exposure in rats.

Embryonic exposure to octylphenol induces changes in testosterone levels and disrupts reproductive efficiency in rats at their adulthood.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of prenatal exposure to octylphenol (OP) at the dose of 50mg/kg body weight on days 1, 7 and 14 of pregnancy on reproductive health of male rats at adulthood. F1 male rats from control and OP exposed animals were weaned and maintained up to postnatal day (PND) 100. The indices of testis, epididymis and seminal vesicles were significantly decreased in male rats exposed to OP during embryonic development when compared with controls. Significant reduction in the epididymal sperm count, viable sperms and motile sperms and number of tail coiled sperms (HOS-test) were observed in experimental rats when compared to control rats. The levels of serum testosterone and also activity levels of testicular hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases were significantly decreased with a significant increase in the serum follicle stimulating and leutinizing hormones in experimental rats. Furthermore, embryonic exposure to OP caused significant down regulation of StAR, 3ß hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and 17ß hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase mRNAs in testis of adult rats as compared to control rats. The results of fertility studies revealed that there was an increase in the mating index in experimental rats with an increase in the pre- and post-implantation losses in rats cohabited with treated animals indicating poor male reproductive performance.

Pipestem carotids as a marker of vascular insult in graves' disease.

We present a case of Graves' disease with a image of plain radiograph of neck showing bilateral carotid calcifications and briefly discuss the pathophysiology of vascular calcification in Graves' disease.

Thyroid abscess due to Scedosporium apiospermum.

We report a case of thyroid abscess caused by Scedosporium apiospermum in a patient with cirrhosis of liver and autoimmune haemolytic anaemia. To date, there are no reports of isolation of this fungus from thyroid abscess.

Synthesis, spectral characterization, in-vitro microbiological evaluation and cytotoxic activities of novel macrocyclic bis hydrazone.

A macrocyclic hydrazone Schiff base was synthesized by reacting 1,4-dicarbonyl phenyl dihydrazide with 2,6-diformyl-4-methyl phenol and a series of metal complexes with this new Schiff base were synthesized by reaction with Co(II), Ni(II) and Cu(II) metal salts. The Schiff base and its complexes have been characterized by elemental analyses, IR, (1)H NMR, UV-vis, FAB mass, ESR spectra, fluorescence, thermal, magnetic and molar conductance data. The analytical data reveal that the Co(II), Ni(II) and Cu(II) complexes possess 2:1 metal-ligand ratios. All the complexes are non-electrolytes in DMF and DMSO due to their low molar conductance values. Infrared spectral data suggest that the hydrazone Schiff base behaves as a hexadentate ligand with NON NON donor sequence towards the metal ions. The ESR spectral data shows that the metal-ligand bond has considerable covalent character. The electrochemical behavior of the copper(II) complex was investigated by cyclic voltammetry. The Schiff base and its complexes have also been screened for their antibacterial (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Shigella dysentery, Micrococcus, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and antifungal activities (Aspergillus niger, Penicillium and Candida albicans) by MIC method. The brine shrimp bioassay was also carried out to study their in-vitro cytotoxic properties.

Renal function in SFD and AFD preterm babies.

Maturation of neonatal glomerular function as evidenced by serum creatinine and creatinine clearance was assessed in 15 preterm small for dates infants (Group I) and compared with values obtained in 15 preterm appropriate for date babies (Group II), on 3rd, 7th and 14th postnatal days. The mean gestational ages were 34.2 and 32.5 weeks and birth weights 1436 +/- 302g and 1752 +/- 422 g, respectively. The mean serum creatinine values in Group I were 1.40 +/- 0.28, 1.18 +/- 0.22 and 0.92 +/- 0.11 mg/dl and for Group II, 1.22 +/- 0.22, 1.01 +/- 0.24 and 0.82 +/- 0.17 mg/dl on days 3, 7 and 14, respectively. Glomerular filtration rates as evidenced by creatinine clearance were 16.08 +/- 3.53, 21.25 +/- 4.79 and 36.96 +/- 6.44 ml/min/1.73 m2 for Group I as compared to 21.38 +/- 6.65, 35.96 +/- 11.47 and 57.61 +/- 21.61 ml/min/1.73 m2 for Group II on these days, showing statistically significant (p < 0.001) increase in renal function in both the groups from days 3 to 14. Even though the serum creatinine values in the two groups were comparable at identical postnatal ages, creatinine clearance was shown to be statistically less (p < 0.05 on day 3, p < 0.001 on day 7 and p < 0.01 on day 14, respectively) in Group I as compared to Group II, thereby implying slower renal maturation in small for dates preterm babies.

Sub-clinical infection with Mycobacterium leprae in household contacts of leprosy.

870 household contacts of leprosy patients were examined for sub-clinical infection with M. leprae by smear (skin and nasal), lepromin and FLA-ABS tests. 0.6%, 3.3%, 71.5% and 14.4% of the contacts were found to be positive for skin smear, nasal smear, lepromin and FLA-ABS tests respectively. An analysis of the results revealed that 4% of the lepromin positive contacts and 3.6% of the lepromin negative contacts were positive to both FLA-ABS and skin or nasal smear.

Evaluation of levamisole, an immunopotentiator, in the treatment of lepromatous leprosy.

Twenty subpolar lepromatous leprosy patients under multidrug therapy for a period of 1 to 3 years, who continued to be bacteriologically positive (BI 2 to 1 in Dharmendra's grade) were taken in the study. Ten cases (trial group) were given levamisole as an immuno-stimulator for 1 year along with chemotherapy. Another 10 cases (control group) continued to take chemotherapy alone. There was no conversion of Mitsuda reactivity in any of the cases from both the groups. There was no improvement of leucocyte migration inhibition in either group. In both trial and control groups, statistically significant clinical and bacteriological improvements and increase of E. rosette counts are found at the end of one year. However, only the bacteriological improvement in the trial showed statistical significance, when the improvements were compared with those of the control group. No adverse effect due to levamisole therapy was encountered.

Bacteriological study of trophic ulcers in leprosy patients (a preliminary study).

Swabs from trophic ulcers from 108 cases were studied by culture. 37 cases yielded single organism (Ps. aeruginosa, 18, Proteus species 11, Staph. pyogenes 4, Others 4). 71 cases yielded mixed growth with two or more organisms. Ps. aeruginosa, Proteus species and Diphtheroids were the predominant organisms in these cultures. Ps. aeruginosa was sensitive to Gentamycin (96.6%), Streptomycin (62.7%) and Chloramphenicol (33.9%). Other organisms although comparatively more sensitive showed a similar pattern.