Revealing the Unique Role of Water in the Formation of Benzothiazoles: an Experimental and Computational Study.

We present here a joint experimental and computational study on the formation of benzothiazoles. Our investigation reveals a green protocol for accessing benzothiazoles from acyl chlorides using either water alongside a reducing agent as the reaction medium or in combination with stoichiometric amounts of a weak acid, instead of the harsh conditions and catalysts previously reported. Specifically, we show that a protic solvent, particularly water, enables the formation of 2-substituted benzothiazoles from N-acyl 1,2-aminothiophenols already at room temperature, without the need for strong acids or metal catalysts. DFT Molecular Dynamics simulations coupled with advanced enhanced sampling techniques provide a clear understanding of the catalytic role of water. We demonstrate how bulk water - due to its extended network of hydrogen bonds and an efficient Grotthuss mechanism - provides a reaction path that strongly reduces the reaction barriers compared to aprotic environments, namely more than 80 kJ/mol for the first reaction step and 250 kJ/mol for the second. Finally, we discuss the influence of different aliphatic and aromatic substituents with varying electronic properties on chemical reactivity. Besides providing in-depth mechanistic insights, we believe that our findings pave the way for a greener route toward an important class of bioactive molecules.

A Comparative Quantitative Assessment of Salivary Iga and Alpha Amylase in Caries Free and Caries Active Children.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to assess the salivary IgA (immunoglobulin A) and alpha amylase levels in the unstimulated whole saliva samples of caries-free and caries-active children and correlate it with the caries status and age. STUDY DESIGN: The salivary IgA and amylase was investigated in 100 children in the range of 8-12 years divided in two groups, control group (DMFT and/or deft = 0) and study group (DMFT/deft score ≥5). The salivary IgA was measured using kit based on two-site sandwich enzyme immunoassay principle and amylase was estimated using the vitro amyl slides. RESULTS: The mean salivary IgA and amylase levels in the saliva of the children in the control group was found to be significantly increased (p=.001 and p=.014 respectively) whereas the relationship between salivary IgA and amylase levels in the saliva of the children was found to be insignificant with the age (p=.392 and p=.306 respectively). CONCLUSIONS: The results indicated that salivary IgA and amylase levels in saliva increased significantly in caries free children and the level of salivary IgA and alpha amylase has no significant relation with the age of the children.

Comparative Evaluation of Success of Biodentine and Mineral Trioxide Aggregate with Formocresol as Pulpotomy Medicaments in Primary Molars: An In Vivo Study.

AIM: The study was designed to evaluate and compare the success of Biodentine and mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) in comparison to formocresol as pulpotomy medicaments over 9 months of the follow-up period. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The sample of 60 deciduous molars of patients aged 4-7 years were incorporated in the study. The molars were randomly allocated to the experimental and control groups. Following coronal pulp removal and achieving hemostasis, the radicular pulp was covered with either Biodentine or MTA (experimental groups). In the control group, a cotton pellet soaked with diluted formocresol (one-fifth dilution of Buckley's formocresol) was placed over the radicular pulp for 1 minute. All pulpotomized molars were later restored with stainless steel crowns (SSCs). RESULTS: The achieved clinical success over 9 months of the follow-up period was 100, 95, and 70% with Biodentine, MTA, and formocresol, respectively. The achieved radiographic success over 9 months of the follow-up period was 95, 60, and 25% with Biodentine, MTA, and formocresol, respectively. CONCLUSION: Favorable biological, physical, mechanical, and good manipulation properties of Biodentine show that this material can be used efficiently as a pulpotomy medicament in the clinical practice. HOW TO CITE THIS ARTICLE: Ahuja S, Surabhi K, Gandhi K, et al. Comparative Evaluation of Success of Biodentine and Mineral Trioxide Aggregate with Formocresol as Pulpotomy Medicaments in Primary Molars: An In Vivo Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2020;13(2):167-173.

Prevalence and Correlation of Dental Caries with its Specific Risk Factors in 5-15-year-old School-going Children in Urban Population of Ghaziabad.

Dental caries is a rapidly emerging oral health problem amid the children with differing prevalence rate in different states of India. The data available from Ghaziabad city regarding dental caries are scarce; therefore, the study was conducted in 5-15-year school-going children in urban population of Ghaziabad. PURPOSE: The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of dental caries in school-going children of 5-15-year age groups in urban population of Ghaziabad and to assess and intercorrelate its relationship with the form, frequency and total sugar exposure, socioeconomic status (SES) of family, and fluoride in drinking water. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was conducted in 3,000 school-going children aged 5-15 years (divided into three age groups of 5-6, 7-12, and 13-15 years) studying in the government and private schools in the urban area of Ghaziabad city. A specifically designed pro forma was used for recording the personal data; sociodemographic profile; World Health Organization oral health assessment form for dental caries; 24-hour dietary recall to record the form, frequency, and total number of sugar exposure; and SES of the family (Kuppuswamy scale) of children. The concentration of fluoride in collected samples of drinking water was measured by the visual spectrophotometric method test. The results were tabulated and statistically analyzed. RESULTS: The overall caries prevalence in 5-15-year age group was found to be 54.6%. There was a statistical significant difference found when the age-group comparison (p = 0.001), gender-wise comparison (p = 0.001), SES comparison (p = 0.002), the physical form of sugar intake (p = 0.038), frequency of sugar consumption at/between meals (p = 0.001), and total number of sugar exposure during last 24 hours (p = 0.001) were evaluated with caries prevalence. The mean water fluoride level in the surveyed area was found to be 0.48 ppm and was found to be nonsignificantly (p = 0.248) associated with caries prevalence. CONCLUSION: The risk factors, such as age, gender, physical form of sugar, frequency of sugar consumption at and between meal and total number of sugar exposure during the last 24 hours, and SES of parents, were found to be associated with the prevalence of dental caries in school-going children of 5-15-year age group. HOW TO CITE THIS ARTICLE: Kumar D, Gandhi K, Maywad S, et al. Prevalence and Correlation of Dental Caries with its Specific Risk Factors in 5-15-year-old School-going Children in Urban Population of Ghaziabad. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2020;13(1):72-78.

A Comparative Evaluation of Efficacy of Electronic Apex Locator, Digital Radiography, and Conventional Radiographic Method for Root Canal Working Length Determination in Primary Teeth: An In Vitro Study.

AIM: Pulpectomy in the primary tooth has unique challenges due to morphological variations in root pattern and physiological root resorption. The electronic apex locator (EAL) is one of the recent methods to determine the estimation of working length without much radiation exposure to the patient as well as the operator. The present study was undertaken for evaluating and comparing the efficacy of EAL, conventional radiography, digital radiography, and actual visual method for the estimation of in the root canal working length (RCL) in extracted primary teeth. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ninety extracted, single-rooted primary teeth were selected. Working length estimation was done with an EAL, conventional, and digital radiographic method, and compared it with an actual visual method. RESULTS: Accuracy of EAL was observed to be 99.7% followed by digital radiograph (98.1%) and conventional radiograph (96.1%). Both EAL and digital radiographic methods showed a high correlation as compared to conventional. The comparative efficacy of an EAL with a visual method was found to be statistically non-significant (p > 0.005). CONCLUSION: Root canal working length determined through the electronic method was found to be an accurate and effective tool in single-rooted primary teeth and can be indicated for clinical implementation in endodontic treatment of primary teeth. HOW TO CITE THIS ARTICLE: Sahni A, Kapoor R, Gandhi K, et al. A Comparative Evaluation of Efficacy of Electronic Apex Locator, Digital Radiography, and Conventional Radiographic Method for Root Canal Working Length Determination in Primary Teeth: An In Vitro Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2020;13(5):523-528.

Intraoral Soft Tissue Fibrosarcoma in a Four-Year-Old Child: An Unusual Case Report.

Fibrosarcoma is a rare soft tissue tumor of connective tissue origin that includes about 0.05% of all the malignancies in the head and neck region of which almost 23% is seen in the oral cavity. This paper describes a rare case of 4-year-old boy who presented with swelling on the right side of face diagnosed as soft tissue fibrosarcoma of the intraoral region. The histopathological and immunohistochemistry confirmed the diagnosis by the presence of spindle-shaped cells arranged in fascicles with mitotic figures and cellular proliferation reproducing fibroblasts. The patient was successfully treated with combination of chemotherapy and surgery with a good clinical outcome. This case report is presented to highlight the rarity of fibrosarcoma in orofacial region of children which requires special attention of pediatric dentist and should be considered as differential diagnose of soft tissue mass in orofacial region of children. Clinical and histopathological features must be correlated with immunohistochemistry in the final diagnosis in fibrosarcoma.

Comparative evaluation of instrumentation timing and cleaning efficacy in extracted primary molars using manual and NiTi rotary technique - Invitro study.

AIM: To compare the timing of instrumentation and cleaning efficacy between manual K files and NiTi rotary files in extracted primary molars. STUDY DESIGN: in-vitro study was conducted in 90 root canals of extracted primary molars which were subdivided in three groups viz. Control (No instrumentation), Manual (K files), Rotary (ProFiles) with 30 canals in each group. Mesiobuccal (MB) and Mesiolingual (ML) canals of mandibular molars, and MB and Distobuccal (DB) canals of maxillary molars were included in the test group whereas Distal canals in mandibular molars and Palatal canals in maxillary molars were included in the control group. METHOD: Teeth were mounted and canals were injected with India ink to stain the canal walls. Canal preparation was done as per the group. After instrumentation, teeth were demounted, decalcified and cleared to make them transparent for scoring according to the extent of removal of India ink. Timing of instrumentation and cleaning efficacy of canals in coronal, middle and apical thirds were assessed in each sample. RESULTS: Mean timing of instrumentation in rotary group was 3.54 ±â€¯1.14 min and 4.32 ±â€¯1.04 min in manual group. Mean cleaning efficacy scores in manual and rotary groups were 2.03 and 1.66 in coronal third, 1.08 and 1.18 in middle third and 0.67 and 1.08 in apical third respectively. Inter-group comparisons showed no statistically significant difference in cleaning efficacy among test groups in all thirds of root canals. CONCLUSION: NiTi rotary technique has comparable cleaning efficacy, with significantly less timing of instrumentation compared to manual K-files.

Management of dental trauma in a child with Xeroderma Pigmentosa.

Xeroderma Pigmentosa is a rare dermatological autosomal recessive disorder that manifests itself early in life as severe sunburn usually after a short exposure to sunlight. The prime characteristic features include photosensitivity, hyperpigmentation and ichthyosis in sun exposed areas, and an increase in the risk of basocellular and squamous cell carcinomas and melanomas of the skin and eyes. The case report highlights the preventive treatment options along with all necessary precautions that should be taken to protect the patient from any iatrogenic inadvertent exposures that may be deleterious to his present state. The purpose of the report is also to discuss the important role of dental professionals when dealing with debilitating medical conditions.

A Comparative Study to evaluate Parent's Ability to assess Dental Fear in their 6- to 10-year-old Children using Children's Fear Survey Schedule-Dental Subscale.

AIM: Parental presence often provides unique challenge in dental operatory and is directly related to the quality dental treatment. The present study was done to investigate parent's ability to assess dental anxiety of their 6- to 10-year-old child and to determine how parent's and children's fear assessments correlate with each other. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Prior to dental treatment, 94 child-parent combinations were included to complete Children's Fear Survey Schedule-Dental Subscale (CFSS-DS) questionnaire, and Frankl score was assigned to children during treatment by operator. RESULTS: Mean dental anxiety score reported by the children was 27.74, whereas by their parents was 39.64. There was a poor consistency of parents to predict their child dental fear (p < 0.05). Parents reported higher dental fear for their children. CONCLUSION: Parents assessment of their child's fear may vary in accordance to factors, including their own dental fear. Such input may prevent dentists from establishing an accurate association with the child's patient.How to cite this article: Malhotra R, Gandhi K, Kumar D, Ahuja S, Kapoor R, Sahni A. A Comparative Study to evaluate Parent's Ability to assess Dental Fear in their 6- to 10-year-old Children using Children's Fear Survey Schedule-Dental Subscale. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2018;11(3):205-209.

Factors predicting Behavior Management Problems during Initial Dental Examination in Children Aged 2 to 8 Years.

AIM: The aim of the present study was to identify the various background variables and its influence on behavior management problems (BMP) in children. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study included 165 children aged 2 to 8 years. During the initial dental visit, an experienced operator obtained each child's background variables from accompanying guardians using a standardized questionnaire. Children's dental behavior was rated by Frankel behavior rating scale. The behavior was then analyzed in relation to the answers of the questionnaire, and a logistic regression model was used to determine the power of the variables, separately or combined, to predict BMP. RESULTS: The logistic regression analysis considering differences in background variables between children with negative or positive behavior. Four variables turned out to be as predictors: Age, the guardian's expectation of the child's behavior at the dental examination, the child's anxiety when meeting unfamiliar people, and the presence and absence of toothache. CONCLUSION: The present study concluded that by means of simple questionnaire BMP in children may be expected if one of these attributes is found. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Information on the origin of dental fear and uncooperative behavior in a child patient prior to treatment process may help the pediatric dentist plan appropriate behavior management and treatment strategy. HOW TO CITE THIS ARTICLE: Sharma A, Kumar D, Anand A, Mittal V, Singh A, Aggarwal N. Factors predicting Behavior Management Problems during Initial Dental Examination in Children Aged 2 to 8 Years. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2017;10(1):5-9.

A Comparative Volumetric Evaluation of Four Obturating Techniques in Primary Teeth Using Cone Beam Computed Tomography.

PURPOSE: To compare the volume of root canals of primary teeth filled by four different obturating techniques: (1) lentulospiral (LS); (2) insulin syringe (IS); (3) endodontic pressure syringe (EPS); and (4) the NaviTip system (NS) using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). METHODS: 76 root canals of primary posterior teeth were selected and divided into four groups, according to the obturation technique. Biomechanical preparation of each root canal was completed with a number 30 K-file, and the volumes of the canals were then measured using CBCT. Each canal was obturated with zinc oxide eugenol paste using the respective technique for that group. A second CBCT scan was performed to measure the filled volume in each canal, and the percentage of obturated volume (POV) was calculated. RESULTS: A statistically significant difference was seen between the pre- and post-mean values (P<.001) and in the mean POV values (P< .001) among the four groups. NS (93.5 percent) and EPS (91.5 percent) showed the highest POV compared to LS (75.5 percent) and IS (64 percent). CONCLUSION: The NaviTip system and endodontic pressure syringe showed the best root canal obturation, with the nearest to complete filling of the volumes of prepared root canals, while the insulin syringe was least effective.

Effectiveness of Two Topical Anaesthetic Agents used along with Audio Visual Aids in Paediatric Dental Patients.

INTRODUCTION: Topical anaesthetic agents enable pain free intraoral procedures, symptomatic pain relief for toothache, superficial mucosal lesions and pain related to post extraction time. Most common anxiety provoking and fearful experience for children in dental operatory is administration of local anaesthesia because on seeing the needle, children usually become uncooperative. One of recent trend of behaviour management technique is using non-aversive techniques out of which audiovisual distraction has emerged as a very successful technique for managing children in dental settings. Audio visual distraction could decrease the procedure related anxiety of patients undergoing dental treatment and can be very relaxing for highly anxious patients. AIM: The aim of the present study was to compare the efficacy of topical anaesthetics EMLA (Eutectic Mixture of Local Anaesthetics) cream and benzocaine (20%) gel in reducing the pain during the needle insertion with and without the use of Audio Visual (AV) aids. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was conducted on 120 children, the age range of 3-14 years attending the outpatient department for their treatment. EMLA and benzocaine gel (20%) were assessed for their effectiveness in reducing the pain on needle insertion during local anaesthesia administration. Based on the inclusion and the exclusion criteria, children requiring local anaesthesia for the dental treatment were randomly divided into four equal groups of 30 children based upon whether AV aids were used or not. AV aids were given using Sony Vaio laptop with earphones with nursery rhymes and cartoon movies DVD. The pain assessment was done by using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) scale and measurement of the physiological responses of pulse rate and oxygen saturation were done by pulse oximeter. RESULTS: There was a statistically significant difference in the mean pain score, pulse rate and mean oxygen saturation rate when it was compared between the four groups. EMLA with AV aids was found to be a better topical anaesthestic agent as compared to other three groups. CONCLUSION: EMLA with AV aids was better when compared with EMLA without AV aids followed by benzocaine with AV aids. Benzocaine topical anaesthetic agent without AV aids was least effective in reducing the pain scores and improving the oxygen saturation rate.

A Rare Case of Pyogenic Granuloma with a Natal Tooth.

Natal teeth are teeth present in the oral cavity at the time of birth. It is extremely rare to find natal teeth in association with pathological conditions of the oral cavity. Pyogenic granuloma is a type of inflammatory hyperplasia that appears as an over exuberant connective tissue response to a stimulus or injury, in the present case the injurious agent is the natal tooth. The parents of the eight day old male infant brought the child with a natal tooth associated with a soft tissue lesion growing from the gum pad. A provisional diagnosis of pyogenic granuloma was made on behalf of the clinical findings which were confirmed by histopathology. The natal tooth was extracted and the lesion was surgically excised. Complete healing of the gumpad took place after excision of the lesion and extraction of the natal tooth and the child was able to feed normally within a week. The purpose of this case report is that Pediatric Dentist should be aware of this rare unusual clinical presentation and plan for an appropriate treatment modality in order to avoid any future complications.

Dental implants in children: A multidisciplinary perspective for long-term success.

Congenital hypodontia or trauma is a frequent cause of loss of teeth in children. The absence of teeth leads to loss of function and lack of normal alveolar growth, along with unpleasant esthetics that hamper the psychosocial development of the young child. Traditionally, the management of tooth loss in the young child is done by conservative means. None of those methods of treatment are completely satisfactory and have their own drawbacks. Dental implants in a young child would be an ideal mode of treatment for the absence of teeth. One of the main deterring factors for implant placement in children is the impending growth. Growth in the maxilla and mandible does not happen uniformly in one plane. It is multidirectional, occurring in sagittal, vertical, and transverse planes. It does not happen at a fixed pace, slow periods of growth are followed by phases of accelerated growth called the growth spurts. Successful implant treatment in children has been achieved by several clinicians when they incorporated a multidisciplinary approach in their treatment plan. The design and type of implant system used in pediatric patients is also responsible for successful treatment outcome. The purpose of this review is to understand the implications of growth and growth assessment and recommendations for the formulation of the treatment plan in pediatric dental implant patients.

Developmental malformation of primary and permanent dentition: a rare sequel of trauma.

Dentofacial injuries that occur prior to the eruption of primary teeth can result in developmental disturbances not only in the primary but also in permanent dentition. Here we report a rare case of long term sequelae of trauma in a female child of 4 to 5 months of age which resulted in dilaceration and impaction of maxillary primary central incisors and subsequent enamel hypoplasia of the permanent maxillary central incisors.

Generalised stunting of roots in an epileptic child: is long-term phenytoin therapy the cause?

Long-term phenytoin therapy is known to cause disturbance in calcium and bone homeostasis. Dental tissues being calcified tissues can also be affected by this derangement of mineral metabolism, especially during developmental phases. This report describes a case of an epileptic child who presented with short roots, enlarged pulp chambers, blunt apices and delayed eruption of permanent dentition, which might be attributed to long-term phenytoin therapy. The purpose of this case report is to increase awareness among the clinicians about its possible dental implications and emphasise upon the need of regular dental check-ups in epileptic children.

An estimation and evaluation of total antioxidant capacity of saliva in children with severe early childhood caries.

BACKGROUND. The available evidence implicating the involvement of oxidative stress in the caries process suggests that local antioxidant status may be of importance in determining the susceptibility to the caries process. AIM. The aim of this study was to estimate the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in unstimulated saliva of healthy children with and without severe early childhood caries (S-ECC) and to correlate the individual TAC level with dmft (d = decayed, m = missing, f = filled, t = teeth) score and age. MATERIAL AND METHODS. The TAC of saliva was investigated in 100 healthy children in the age range of 3-5 years divided in two groups, control and study group based on the absence or presence of caries, respectively. The antioxidant capacity of saliva was estimated by an adaptation of ABTS [2, 2'-Azino-di-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline sulphonate)] assay. RESULTS. The mean TAC level in the saliva of the children in study group was found to be significantly increased (P < 0.001), and a significantly linear regression was seen between the TAC and dmft score (P < 0.001) whereas it was insignificant between the TAC and age (P = 0.078). CONCLUSION. The results indicated that TAC of saliva increased significantly in children with S-ECC and increasing prevalence of dental caries predisposes to the increase in TAC of saliva.