Phospholipid and cholesterol alterations accompany structural disarray in myelin membrane of rats with hepatic encephalopathy induced by thioacetamide.

Fulminant hepatic failure is often associated with a wide range of neurological symptoms which are collectively referred to as hepatic encephalopathy. Fulminant hepatic failure with associated hepatic encephalopathy has a poor prognosis with the currently available sure treatment being only liver transplantation. This is largely owing to the lack of understanding of critical factors involved in the etiology of the condition. Lipid changes have been implicated in cerebral derangements characteristic of hepatic encephalopathy. About 79% of the brain lipid is concentrated in the myelin fraction where they play an important role in ion balance and conduction of nerve impulses. Hence, in the present study we aimed to investigate changes in myelin lipid composition and structure. Myelin was isolated by sucrose density gradient centrifugation from cerebral cortex of male Wistar rats (250-300 g body weight) treated with 300 mg/kg body weight thioacetamide administered twice at 24h interval to induce hepatic encephalopathy. Significant decrease was observed in the cholesterol and phospholipids content of myelin from treated rats. Sphingomyelin, phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylethanolamine content also decreased significantly following 18 h of thioacetamide administration. However, phosphatidylcholine levels remained unaltered. Transmission electron microscopic observation of myelin membrane from cerebral cortex sections showed considerable disorganization in myelin structure. Increase in malondialdehyde levels precede lipid changes leading to the speculation that oxidative damage may be the critical factor leading to decrease in the anionic phospholipids. Changes in myelin were evident only in later stages of hepatic encephalopathy indicating that myelin alteration may not play a role in early stages of hepatic encephalopathy. Nevertheless, myelin alteration may have a crucial role to play in various psycho-motor alterations during later stages of hepatic encephalopathy.

Effect of thyroid hormone depletion on monoamines and expression patterns of catfish GnRH in the air-breathing catfish, Clarias gariepinus.

Thyroid hormone is known to have profound effect on the efficient functioning of the reproductive system. The GnRH-gondaotropin (GTH) axis is the crucial axis involved in regulation of the various aspects of reproduction like spermatogenesis, synthesis of sex steroids and regulation of courting and spawning behavior. Earlier study from our laboratory has shown that thyroid hormone depletion causes a decrease in GTH and GnRH levels in pituitary and preoptic area, respectively. GnRH secretion in pre-optic area is largely regulated by the monoaminergic system mainly dopamine (DA), epinephrine (E), norepinephrine (NE) and serotonin (5-HT). The expression pattern of catfish GnRH transcripts tends to corroborate our earlier findings. Hence, in the current study we aimed to investigate the levels of monoamines in the preoptic area-hypothalamus (POA-H), so as to determine whether thyroid hormone depletion modulates the monoaminergic neurotransmission thereby affecting GnRH secretion. The levels of NE and L-dopa decreased significantly while that of DA was unaltered following thyroid hormone depletion. DA has an inhibitory effect on GnRH secretion. Findings from the present study suggest that the inhibitory tone is unaltered while the stimulatory tone influencing GnRH neurons in POA-H is decreased during thiourea induced thyroid hormone depletion.

Application of frog (Rana tigerina Daudin) skin collagen as a novel substrate in cell culture.

Collagen and collagen-based materials have extensive application in biomedical devices and tissue engineering. The current paper pertains to the application of frog (Rana tigerina Daudin) skin collagen as a novel substrate in cell culture. The study deals with the behavior, morphology, and physiology of keratinocytes and fibroblasts over dry and reconstituted collagen substratum, which are the key cells involved in wound repair. The advantage of using frog skin collagen as a substratum lies in the ease with which the reconstituted gel can be formed. Further, frog skin collagen is highly hydrophilic, which may be attributed to the fact that amphibians, as the first vertebrates connecting water and land, must have evolved certain physiologic specializations. These studies also contribute to the hypothesis that part of the healing efficacy of frog skin may be due to the collagen since proliferation, migration, and differentiation of epithelial cells are prime requisites for a normal healing mechanism.