Predicting the thermal distribution in a convective wavy fin using a novel training physics-informed neural network method.

Fins are widely used in many industrial applications, including heat exchangers. They benefit from a relatively economical design cost, are lightweight, and are quite miniature. Thus, this study investigates the influence of a wavy fin structure subjected to convective effects with internal heat generation. The thermal distribution, considered a steady condition in one dimension, is described by a unique implementation of a physics-informed neural network (PINN) as part of machine-learning intelligent strategies for analyzing heat transfer in a convective wavy fin. This novel research explores the use of PINNs to examine the effect of the nonlinearity of temperature equation and boundary conditions by altering the hyperparameters of the architecture. The non-linear ordinary differential equation (ODE) involved with heat transfer is reduced into a dimensionless form utilizing the non-dimensional variables to simplify the problem. Furthermore, Runge-Kutta Fehlberg's fourth-fifth order (RKF-45) approach is implemented to evaluate the simplified equations numerically. To predict the wavy fin's heat transfer properties, an advanced neural network model is created without using a traditional data-driven approach, the ability to solve ODEs explicitly by incorporating a mean squared error-based loss function. The obtained results divulge that an increase in the thermal conductivity variable upsurges the thermal distribution. In contrast, a decrease in temperature profile is caused due to the augmentation in the convective-conductive variable values.

Evolutionary Computing for the Radiative-Convective Heat Transfer of a Wetted Wavy Fin Using a Genetic Algorithm-Based Neural Network.

Evolutionary algorithms are a large class of optimization techniques inspired by the ideas of natural selection, and can be employed to address challenging problems. These algorithms iteratively evolve populations using crossover, which combines genetic information from two parent solutions, and mutation, which adds random changes. This iterative process tends to produce effective solutions. Inspired by this, the current study presents the results of thermal variation on the surface of a wetted wavy fin using a genetic algorithm in the context of parameter estimation for artificial neural network models. The physical features of convective and radiative heat transfer during wet surface conditions are also considered to develop the model. The highly nonlinear governing ordinary differential equation of the proposed fin problem is transmuted into a dimensionless equation. The graphical outcomes of the aspects of the thermal profile are demonstrated for specific non-dimensional variables. The primary observation of the current study is a decrease in temperature profile with a rise in wet parameters and convective-conductive parameters. The implemented genetic algorithm offers a powerful optimization technique that can effectively tune the parameters of the artificial neural network, leading to an enhanced predictive accuracy and convergence with the numerically obtained solution.

Impact of solid-fluid interfacial layer and nanoparticle diameter on Maxwell nanofluid flow subjected to variable thermal conductivity and uniform magnetic field.

The utilization of Maxwell fluid with nanoparticle suspension exhibits promising prospects in enhancing the efficacy of energy conversion and storage mechanisms. They have the potential to be utilized in sophisticated cooling systems for power generation facilities, thereby augmenting the overall energy efficacy. Keeping this in mind, the current research examines the Maxwell nanofluid flow over a rotating disk with the impact of a heat source/sink. The present study centers on the examination of flow characteristics in the existence of a uniform magnetic field. The conversion of governing equations into ordinary differential equations is achieved using appropriate similarity variables. To derive the Nusselt number (Nu) and skin friction (SF) model related to the flow and temperature parameters, the suggested back-propagation artificial neural networking (ANN) technique is used. The Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg fourth-fifth order (RKF-45) method is used to solve the reduced equations and produce the necessary data to create the Nu and SF model. Both the Nu and SF models require 1000 data for training the network, respectively. Graphs are utilized to communicate numerical outcomes. The results concluded that the upsurge in magnetic parameter drops the velocity profile but advances the heat transport. Rise in the thermal conductivity parameter, increases the heat transport.

Clinical evaluation of winged versus wingless rubber dam clamps in single tooth isolation - A randomized clinical study.

Context: Retention of the rubber dam is done with metallic or nonmetallic clamps for isolation. The two types of metallic clamps most frequently used are winged and wingless. The clinical efficacy of both clamps is needed to be compared. Aim: The aim of the study was to evaluate and compare the postoperative pain and clinical efficacy of winged clamps and wingless metallic clamps in rubber dam isolation of permanent molars in class I restoration. Materials and Methods: After obtaining ethical approval and CTRI registration, a total of 60 patients with mild-to-moderate deep class I caries were included after obtaining informed consent and randomly allocated into two assigned groups: Group A - winged clamp and Group B - wingless clamp, with n = 30 per group. Local anesthesia was administered and the tooth was isolated using a rubber dam as per the standardized protocol. The postoperative evaluation was done for pain using the Verbal Rating Scale (VRS) at 6 and 12 h; trauma to the gingival tissues, sealing ability of the clamp, and slippage of the clamp were evaluated using criteria for clinical evaluation of rubber dam isolation. Statistical Analysis Used: Independent t-test and Chi-square test were used to compare VRS and clinical parameters, respectively, with P < 0.05. Results: Gingival trauma (P = 0.006) and postoperative pain were statistically significantly more in the wingless group at 6 h (P = 0.016) and 12 h (0.01). Statistically significant lower seepage of fluid (P = 0.017) was observed in the wingless group. Slippage was observed more with the winged group but was statistically insignificant. Conclusion: Both clamps showed acceptable clinical performance. Their use should be planned as per the requisite of the case and the position of the tooth.

Creating superconductivity in WB2 through pressure-induced metastable planar defects.

High-pressure electrical resistivity measurements reveal that the mechanical deformation of ultra-hard WB2 during compression induces superconductivity above 50 GPa with a maximum superconducting critical temperature, Tcof 17 K at 91 GPa. Upon further compression up to 187 GPa, the Tcgradually decreases. Theoretical calculations show that electron-phonon mediated superconductivity originates from the formation of metastable stacking faults and twin boundaries that exhibit a local structure resembling MgB2 (hP3, space group 191, prototype AlB2). Synchrotron x-ray diffraction measurements up to 145 GPa show that the ambient pressure hP12 structure (space group 194, prototype WB2) continues to persist to this pressure, consistent with the formation of the planar defects above 50 GPa. The abrupt appearance of superconductivity under pressure does not coincide with a structural transition but instead with the formation and percolation of mechanically-induced stacking faults and twin boundaries. The results identify an alternate route for designing superconducting materials.

Significance of Convection and Internal Heat Generation on the Thermal Distribution of a Porous Dovetail Fin with Radiative Heat Transfer by Spectral Collocation Method.

A variety of methodologies have been used to explore heat transport enhancement, and the fin approach to inspect heat transfer characteristics is one such effective method. In a broad range of industrial applications, including heat exchangers and microchannel heat sinks, fins are often employed to improve heat transfer. Encouraged by this feature, the present research is concerned with the temperature distribution caused by convective and radiative mechanisms in an internal heat-generating porous longitudinal dovetail fin (DF). The Darcy formulation is considered for analyzing the velocity of the fluid passing through the fin, and the Rosseland approximation determines the radiation heat flux. The heat transfer problem of an inverted trapezoidal (dovetail) fin is governed by a second-order ordinary differential equation (ODE), and to simplify it to a dimensionless form, nondimensional terms are utilized. The generated ODE is numerically solved using the spectral collocation method (SCM) via a local linearization approach. The effect of different physical attributes on the dimensionless thermal field and heat flux is graphically illustrated. As a result, the temperature in the dovetail fin transmits in a decreasing manner for growing values of the porosity parameter. For elevated values of heat generation and the radiation-conduction parameter, the thermal profile of the fin displays increasing behavior, whereas an increment in the convection-conduction parameter downsizes the thermal dispersal. It is found that the SCM technique is very effective and more conveniently handles the nonlinear heat transfer equation. Furthermore, the temperature field results from the SCM-based solution are in very close accordance with the outcomes published in the literature.

Assessment of thermal distribution through an inclined radiative-convective porous fin of concave profile using generalized residual power series method (GRPSM).

The thermal distribution in a convective-radiative concave porous fin appended to an inclined surface has been examined in this research. The equation governing the temperature and heat variation in fin with internal heat generation is transformed using non-dimensional variables, and the resulting partial differential equation (PDE) is tackled using an analytical scheme, generalized residual power series method (GRPSM). Moreover, a graphical discussion is provided to examine the consequence of diverse non-dimensional variables including the parameters of convection-conduction, ambient temperature, radiation, heat generation, and porosity effect on the thermal field of the fin. Also, a graph is plotted to analyze the variations in unsteady temperature gradient using the finite difference method (FDM) and generalized residual power series method (GRPSM). The major result of this investigation unveils that as the convection-conduction parameter scale upsurges, the distribution of temperature in the fin diminishes. For the heat-generating parameter, the thermal distribution inside the fin increases.

Recommended clinical practice guidelines of aesthetic dentistry for Indians: An expert consensus.

Objective: The research for analyzing the smile characteristics in the Indian population has been limited with contradictory outcomes. This consensus statement aims to critically review the literature and provide basic practice guidelines on dental aesthetics related to the Indian population. Clinical Considerations: 9 clinicians and 6 resource persons from dental colleges in India collaborated in this consensus statement which covered 6 topics along with 6 introductory and 6 conclusive remarks. The statement was developed through a colloquium conducted on topics; global aesthetics: different smile design proportions and guidelines, patient perspective towards aesthetic dentistry in India, a literature survey of aesthetic dentistry for the Indian population, macro and micro-aesthetics, multidisciplinary approach in aesthetic dentistry, inclusion of high-end technologies in Indian modern-day practice, followed by a panel discussion to devise and establish the practice guidelines of aesthetic dentistry in India. The Consensus Statement has been formulated according to AGREE Reporting checklist. Conclusion: The experts and panelists reached a Consensus on protocols to institute clinical practice guidelines of aesthetic dentistry for Indians. However, based on all available literature from India, further research is required to investigate many questions that have not been previously considered.

Efficacy and Safety of Fluticasone Furoate and Oxymetazoline Nasal Spray: A Novel First Fixed Dose Combination for the Management of Allergic Rhinitis with Nasal Congestion.

Objective: To compare the efficacy and safety of a fixed dose combination of Fluticasone Furoate and Oxymetazoline Hydrochloride Nasal Spray 27.5/50 mcg (FDC) with Fluticasone Furoate Nasal Spray 27.5 mcg (Fluticasone) in the management of allergic rhinitis. Patients and Methods: A prospective, randomized, double-blind, two-arm, active-controlled, parallel, multicenter, comparative clinical study was conducted in patients with allergic rhinitis aged 18 years and above having moderate-to-severe nasal congestion. Results: A total of 250 patients were randomized (1:1) to receive either the FDC or Fluticasone alone in a dose of two sprays in each nostril once daily at night. There was a significantly (P<0.001) greater reduction in night-time Total Nasal Symptom Score with the FDC as compared to Fluticasone at all the time points starting from as early as day 3 and sustained till the end of treatment (Day 28) (Day 3: -3.1 vs -2.2; Day 7: -4.0 vs -3.4; Day 14: -5.7 vs -5.0; Day 28: -7.0 vs -6.4). A significantly greater number of patients (P<0.05) had complete relief in Nasal Congestion with the FDC (44.7%) as compared to Fluticasone (26.8%). Both the study medications were well tolerated by all the patients. The proportion of patients showing worsening of symptoms (rebound congestion/rhinitis medicamentosa) after stoppage of medication was similar in both groups (P>0.05). Conclusion: The FDC was superior to Fluticasone alone in relieving the nasal congestion and reduction of Total Nasal Symptom Score in allergic rhinitis patients with moderate-to-severe nasal congestion when administered once daily in the evening. Oxymetazoline when used along with the nasal steroid in a once daily dose does not cause rebound congestion and rhinitis medicamentosa even after long-term continuous use of 28 days.

Bacterial profile of bovine mastitis in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: Bovine mastitis is the commonest episode of infection in the dairy industry, which often occurs after damage of epithelial cells lining the teat duct. It is ranked as the second most important cause of milk production loss directly and a devastating disease with a higher incidence leading to the culling of dairy cows. Thus, this systematic review and meta-analysis is aimed to quantitatively estimate the current status of mastitis in general and bacterial mastitis particular in Ethiopia. Methods: A literature search was carried from major databases and indexing services including PubMed, Google Scholar, Science Direct. Also, local institution repositories were searched to retrieve unpublished MSc and PhD theses. All studies were included addressing the prevalence of mastitis and bacterial isolates conducted in Ethiopia. Microsoft Excel was used to extract data and was imported to R Studio for the analyses. The random-effects model at a 95% confidence level was used for pooled estimates of outcomes. The degree of heterogeneity was computed by Higgins's I2 statistics. Publication bias was checked by using the funnel plots of standard error augmented by Begg's and Egger's tests. Results: A total of 46 studies with 15,780 cows were included in this study. All studies have collected 18,478 suspected samples for bacterial isolation. While pooled prevalence estimate of mastitis was 47.6%, the bacterial isolates pooled prevalence was 33.1%. The bacterial mastitis was 6.5% in cows infected by clinical patients and was 28.3% subclinical patients. The common isolates were Staph aureus, Strep species, Staph epidermis, Escherchia coli, Corynebacterium bovis, Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus and Klebsiella species. A univariate meta-regression analysis evidenced that the type of mastitis and management system was a possible source of heterogeneity (P-value = 0.001). Conclusion: The pooled prevalence of bacterial mastitis in Ethiopian dairy cattle was high. The analysis showed bacterial pathogens like Staphylococcus aureus, Staph epidermis, Strep species and Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus are majorly accounted for bovine mastitis in Ethiopia. Therefore, the highly prevalent and commonly isolated pathogens cause contagious mastitis which require immediate attention by dairy producers to put under control by devising robust mastitis prevention and control interventions.

Position Statement of IACDE for managing dental patients during COVID-19.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been a major health concern globally ever since it was declared as Pandemic by the World Health Organization in March 2020. Due to the evolving and contagious nature of coronavirus, it continues to remain a threat for dental health-care personnel. As the virus travels from person-to-person via direct contact through droplet inhalation, cough, and sneeze or through contact transmission, it remains infectious even through inanimate surfaces. A seemingly healthy asymptomatic person may have the potential to trigger the spread of this disease. Coronavirus has the capability of spreading through community transmission. There is no specific treatment or vaccine as of now for stopping the spread of COVID-19, hence universal precautions and awareness with mass involvement is required to ward off this pandemic. Dental health-care personnel are at immense risk due to the near proximity with patients and continual exposure to saliva, blood, and other body fluids. Management protocol regarding awareness and preventive measures should be laid down for dental clinic/hospital to contain the outspread of this infectious disease.

Gorham-Stout disease of the temporal bone involving the temporomandibular joint.

BACKGROUND: Gorham-Stout disease of the skull is a very rare entity. It presents with gradual bone resorption, and proliferation of lymphoid and vascular channels within the bony matrix. This is often a diagnosis of exclusion confirmed with serial imaging and based on radiological evidence. CASE REPORT: A case of Gorham-Stout disease of the temporal bone involving the temporomandibular joint, and presenting with sensorineural hearing loss and recurrent temporomandibular joint dislocation, is reported. The findings are presented and the literature on this condition is reviewed. CONCLUSION: ENT and maxillofacial surgeons should be aware of this extremely rare cause of temporomandibular joint dislocation and ear symptoms. Imaging comprising computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging is crucial to achieving a diagnosis, which may only become evident after repeated imaging follow up. Symptomatic treatment is advised, with the option of anti-osteoclastic medication and radiotherapy indicated for advanced cases. Surgery is only recommended for complications including involvement of neurovascular structures.

Ludwig's Angina: A Nightmare Worsened by Adverse Drug Reaction to Antibiotics.

A 52-year-old obese gentleman presented to the hospital with complaints of fever and shortness of breath for 10 days. He was admitted in the ward and treated for acute exacerbation of asthma. He was shifted to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) for persistent fever, neck swelling, airway obstruction and desaturation. Ludwig's angina was suspected and computed tomography of neck confirmed it. A difficult airway was anticipated and preceded with surgical tracheostomy. The patient had hypersensitivity reactions to piperacillin/tazobactam; hence, he was treated with clindamycin and metronidazole. The patient improved and was discharged after five days of ICU stay and 12 days of hospitalization. This case summarizes the rare incidence of Ludwig's angina with antibiotic adverse reactions. If angioneurotic edema is coincidental with features of Ludwig's angina, it becomes more challenging. Early identification, securing the airway, and antibiotic administration are the keystone to better survival.

Toxicity and accumulation of Copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles in different life stages of Artemia salina.

Metal nanoparticles production rate and its applications have raised concerns about their release and toxicity to the aquatic and terrestrial organisms. The primary size of Copper Oxide nanoparticles (CuO NP's) was found to be 114±36nm using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and a significant increase in the hydrodynamic diameter of CuO NP was seen within 1h of interaction. The median lethal concentration (LC50) values obtained from the acute toxicity studies on different life stages of Artemia salina was found to be 61.4, 35, 12.2 and 175.2mg/L for 1d, 2d, 7d old and adult, respectively. The toxicity associated changes in biochemical markers such as Catalase, Reduced glutathione and Glutathione-S-Transferase were evident. The accumulation of Cu nanoparticles into the gut of Artemia salina was the major reason for toxicity. This study demonstrate the toxicity of CuO NPs to Artemia salina, and the obtained results necessitate the detailed investigation on the possible eco-toxicological implication of these nanomaterials.

Stability of nano-sized permethrin in its colloidal state and its effect on the physiological and biochemical profile of Culex tritaeniorhynchus larvae.

The occurrence of pesticidal pollution in the environment and the resistance in the mosquito species makes an urge for the safer and an effective pesticide. Permethrin, a poorly water-soluble pyrethroid pesticide, was formulated into a hydrodispersible nanopowder through rapid solvent evaporation of pesticide-loaded oil in water microemulsion. Stability studies confirmed that the nanopermethrin dispersion was stable in paddy field water for 5 days with the mean particle sizes of 175.3 ± 0.75 nm and zeta potential of -30.6 ± 0.62 mV. The instability rate of the nanopermethrin particles was greater in alkaline (pH 10) medium when compared with the neutral (pH 7) and acidic (pH 4) dispersion medium. The colloidal dispersion at 45°C was found to be less stable compared with the dispersions at 25 and 5°C. The 12- and 24-h lethal indices (LC50) for nanopermethrin were found to be 0.057 and 0.014 mg l-1, respectively. These results were corroborative with the severity of damages observed in the mosquito larvae manifested in epithelial cells and the evacuation of the midgut contents. Further, the results were substantiated by the decrease in cellular biomolecules and biomarker enzyme activity in nanopermethrin treated larvae when compared to bulk and control treatment.

Unconventional strategies in the battle of focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis.

A 24-year-old male presented with classic features of the nephrotic syndrome. An initial renal biopsy revealed minimal change disease and thereafter, a second biopsy showed features of focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis. There was no response to conventional immunosuppression, and the patient had to be given rituximab; in spite of this, he went on to develop end-stage renal disease. He continued to have heavy proteinuria leading to severe hypoalbuminemia, thrombosis, infections, and malnutrition, placing the patient in a life-threatening situation. Bilateral renal ablation with embolization of both kidneys with coiling was done at one setting, which finally resolved the proteinuria in the patient. He then underwent a living-related renal transplant, developing recurrence immediately post-transplant. He was again given rituximab along with tacrolimus, mycophenolate mofetil, and prednisolone. There was no response to rituximab, and the patient underwent plasmapheresis, which leads to complete remission. An arteriovenous fistula was created post-transplant to facilitate regular plasmapheresis.

Antibacterial activity of neem nanoemulsion and its toxicity assessment on human lymphocytes in vitro.

Neem (Azadirachta indica) is recognized as a medicinal plant well known for its antibacterial, antimalarial, antiviral, and antifungal properties. Neem nanoemulsion (NE) (O/W) is formulated using neem oil, Tween 20, and water by high-energy ultrasonication. The formulated neem NE showed antibacterial activity against the bacterial pathogen Vibrio vulnificus by disrupting the integrity of the bacterial cell membrane. Despite the use of neem NE in various biomedical applications, the toxicity studies on human cells are still lacking. The neem NE showed a decrease in cellular viability in human lymphocytes after 24 hours of exposure. The neem NE at lower concentration (0.7-1 mg/mL) is found to be nontoxic while it is toxic at higher concentrations (1.2-2 mg/mL). The oxidative stress induced by the neem NE is evidenced by the depletion of catalase, SOD, and GSH levels in human lymphocytes. Neem NE showed a significant increase in DNA damage when compared to control in human lymphocytes (P<0.05). The NE is an effective antibacterial agent against the bacterial pathogen V. vulnificus, and it was found to be nontoxic at lower concentrations to human lymphocytes.

Acute kidney injury: A rare cause.

We present a young lady who consumed hair dye, which contained paraphenylene diamine (PPD), as a means of deliberate self-harm. This resulted in severe angio-neurotic edema for which she had to be ventilated, and thereafter developed rhabdomyolysis leading to acute kidney injury (AKI). The unusual aspect was that the patient continued to have flaccid quadriparesis and inability to regain kidney function. Renal biopsy performed 10 weeks after the dye consumption revealed severe acute tubular necrosis with myoglobin pigment casts. This suggests that PPD has a long-term effect leading to ongoing myoglobinuria, causing flaccid paralysis to persist and preventing the recovery of AKI. In such instances, timely treatment to prevent AKI in the form alkalinization of urine should be initiated promptly. Secondly, because PPD is a nondialyzable toxin, and its long-term effect necessitates its speedy removal, hemoperfusion might be helpful and is worth considering.