Integrated approach for the evaluation of groundwater quality through hydro geochemistry and human health risk from Shivganga river basin, Pune, Maharashtra, India.

The present study is focused on seasonal variation in groundwater quality, hydrochemistry, and associated human health risk in the Shivganga river basin, Western Maharashtra, India, to promote sustainable development of groundwater resources of this semi-arid region. The qualitative geochemical analysis, contamination levels, and human health risk assessment (HHRA) of groundwater are integral steps in groundwater management in the Deccan Plateau basalt flow region of India. Representative groundwater samples (n = 68) collected from the Shivganga River basin area of Pune district, Maharashtra, during pre-monsoon (PRM) and post-monsoon (POM) seasons in 2015 were analyzed for major cations and anions. According to the World Health Organization (WHO, 2017) drinking standards, EC, total dissolved solids, hardness, bicarbonate, calcium, and magnesium surpassed the desirable limit. Boron and fluoride content exceeded the prescribed desirable limit of the WHO. The pollution and drinking suitability were assessed by computing pollution index of groundwater (PIG), groundwater quality index (GWQI), and HHRA particularly for boron and fluoride toxicity. PIG values inferred that about 6% of groundwater samples has moderate, 24% has low, and 70% has insignificant pollution in the PRM season, while only 1 sample (3%) showed high pollution, 6% showed low, and 91% showed insignificant pollution in the POM season. GWQI classification demonstrated that 27% and 15% samples are within the poor category, and only 15% and 18% of the samples fall into excellent water category in the PRM and the POM seasons, respectively. Total hazard index (THI) revealed that 88% of children, 59% of adults, and about 38% of infants are exposed to non-carcinogenic risk, as THI values (>1) were noted for the PRM season, while 62% of children, 47% of adults, and 24% of infants are vulnerable to non-carcinogenic health hazard during the POM period.

The genome of the crustacean Parhyale hawaiensis, a model for animal development, regeneration, immunity and lignocellulose digestion.

The amphipod crustacean Parhyale hawaiensis is a blossoming model system for studies of developmental mechanisms and more recently regeneration. We have sequenced the genome allowing annotation of all key signaling pathways, transcription factors, and non-coding RNAs that will enhance ongoing functional studies. Parhyale is a member of the Malacostraca clade, which includes crustacean food crop species. We analysed the immunity related genes of Parhyale as an important comparative system for these species, where immunity related aquaculture problems have increased as farming has intensified. We also find that Parhyale and other species within Multicrustacea contain the enzyme sets necessary to perform lignocellulose digestion ('wood eating'), suggesting this ability may predate the diversification of this lineage. Our data provide an essential resource for further development of Parhyale as an experimental model. The first malacostracan genome will underpin ongoing comparative work in food crop species and research investigating lignocellulose as an energy source.

Short-term accumulative signatures of heavy metals in river bed sediments in the industrial area, Tehran, Iran.

In modern civilization, numerous anthropogenic activities release a variety of pollutants into the environment and with anomalous enrichment of heavy metals it causes surface and subsurface contamination. The aquatic sediments provide pertinent tools for the quality assessment of urban and industrial environments in large cities. The present study reveals short-term accumulative trends of heavy metals (Co, Cd, and Pb) in the sand and silt dominated riverbed sediments from Chitgar industrial area (Tehran, Iran) between the period of May 2007 and May 2008. Lead demonstrates highest concentration in residential areas, cadmium in and around industrial areas, whereas cobalt shows least variability. Geo-accumulation index implies moderately to highly polluted sediments with respect to Cd and Pb. With few exceptions, all three metals at different sampling stations display short-term increasing trends, independent of seasonal variability with urban and industrial distends along the river being the chief sources of contamination.

Evaluating pollution potential of leachate from landfill site, from the Pune metropolitan city and its impact on shallow basaltic aquifers.

Leachate produced by municipal solid waste dumping site near the metropolitan city of Pune, India was examined for its pollution potential and impact on surrounding shallow basaltic aquifers. Twenty-eight physico-chemical parameters during post- and pre-monsoon seasons (Nov 2006 and May 2007) were determined to assess the seasonal variation in the leachate pollution index (LPI) as well as in the groundwater quality. The leachate demonstrated higher LPI value during pre-monsoon, comparable to those at other metropolises outside India. Potentially toxic leachates derived from the dumping site have largely influenced the adjoining basaltic aquifers through two different modes of transport. Despite high contents of heavy metals (Al, Cd, Cr, Cu, Co, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn) in the leachate, the aquifers in the close proximity of landfill site are least polluted by metallic contaminants possibly due to redox controls. Various geoenvironmental features governing the dispersal of leachate contaminants in the basaltic aquifers under semi-arid climatic regime have been identified and discussed. Although a few remedial measures have been suggested to mitigate the impact of leachate percolation and dispersion, the present study demands for a proper solid waste management in metropolitan cities.