RESUMO
Urine test paper is a standard, noninvasive detection method for direct bilirubin, but this method can only achieve qualitative analysis and cannot achieve quantitative analysis. This study used Mini-LEDs as the light source, and direct bilirubin was oxidized to biliverdin by an enzymatic method with ferric chloride (FeCl3) for labeling. Images were captured with a smartphone and evaluated for red (R), green (G), and blue (B) colors to analyze the linear relationship between the spectral change of the test paper image and the direct bilirubin concentration. This method achieved noninvasive detection of bilirubin. The experimental results demonstrated that Mini-LEDs can be used as the light source to analyze the grayscale value of the image RGB. For the direct bilirubin concentration range of 0.1-2 mg/dL, the green channel had the highest coefficient of determination coefficient (R2) of 0.9313 and a limit of detection of 0.56 mg/dL. With this method, direct bilirubin concentrations higher than 1.86 mg/dL can be quantitatively analyzed with the advantage of rapid and noninvasive detection.
RESUMO
This study developed a miniaturized optomechanical device (MOD) for the feasibility study of direct bilirubin in urine using high-collimation blue mini-light-emitting diodes (Mini-LEDs) as the light source. The constructed MOD used optical spectroscopy to analyze different concentrations of direct bilirubin using the absorbance spectrum to achieve a noninvasive method for detection. The experimental results showed that between the absorbance and different concentrations of direct bilirubin at the blue Mini-LEDs central wavelength (462 nm) was the optimum fitting wavelength; in the direct bilirubin concentration range from 0.855 to 17.1 µmol/L, the coefficient of determination (R2) was 0.9999, the limit of detection (LOD) of 0.171 µmol/L, and the limit of quantitation (LOQ) of 0.570 µmol/L. Therefore, we propose using blue Mini-LEDs as a light source to design a MOD to replace the invasive blood sampling method with a spectroscopic detection of direct bilirubin concentration corresponding to absorbance.
RESUMO
UNLABELLED: Alimentary tract duplication is a rare congenital malformations. Sixteen patients admitted to our pediatric ward were enrolled in a ten-year study over the most recent decade. In this paper, we trace their history and retrospectively analyze sex, age, clinical presentations, duplication size and location, presence of ectopic tissue, complications and additional associated anomalies and prognosis. The duplications were cystic in all cases except one tubular duplication of the colon. The cases included duplication of the stomach in 3 cases (19%); ileum in 12 cases (63%); appendix in 1 case (5%); colon in 3 cases (16%); and rectum in 1 case (5%). The most frequent symptom was intermittent vomiting, half of which occurred before 1 year of age. Other symptoms included abdominal pain (50%), abdominal distension (30%), palpable mass (20%), peritoneal sign (13%), bloody stool (6%), fever (6%), and constipation (6%). The outcome was good, except in 2 patients, 1 of whom died of a perforation of the sigmoid colon duplication, and another who was complicated with multiple congenital anomalies. CONCLUSION: In our series, the average time period from the initial onset of symptoms to the diagnosis was 6.9 days, with only one exception (a 17-year-old girl who had habitual constipation). The constipation in the single exception was not a specific presentation, which may have delayed the diagnosis. Pediatric patients with unexplained gastrointestinal symptoms must be diagnosed for the possibility of alimentary tract duplication, even though it rarely occurs. Ultrasonography is helpful in diagnosing a duplication, as it will identify a three-layered image representing the duplication cyst, common wall, and outer bowel wall. These features have proven useful for establishing the correct diagnosis or ruling out alimentary tract duplication where surgery was indicated anyway.
