A Case of Lepromatous Leprosy (Lucio's Phenomenon) Presenting as Periorbital Edema.

Despite low prevalence of leprosy worldwide, new cases continue to present and require swift evaluation and diagnosis to prevent complications. Here, we describe a case of lepromatous leprosy with Lucio's phenomenon initially presenting with facial and periorbital edema. A 38-year-old Brazilian woman presented to the emergency department with facial swelling and erythema, initially treated as cellulitis. Due to rapid worsening despite broad-spectrum antibiotics, she underwent soft tissue exploration and biopsy due to concern for necrotizing fasciitis. During her course, she also developed retiform purpura of bilateral upper and lower extremities. Periorbital and lower extremity pathological specimens ultimately revealed acid-fast bacilli consistent with Mycobacterium leprae , and the patient improved with multidrug therapy. This case illustrates the diagnostic difficulty of lepromatous leprosy with Lucio's phenomenon, which can initially present with periorbital edema.

Treatment of Thyroid Eye Disease-Associated Ophthalmopathy and Myopathy With Intraorbital Injection of 5-Fluorouracil and Triamcinolone Acetonide.

PURPOSE: The authors report a technique of local application of anti-metabolite and corticosteroid mixture in the orbit for treatment of thyroid orbitopathy with moderate-severe inflammation and muscle involvement. METHODS: Patients of one orbital surgeon seen between March 2019 and May 2020 with active thyroid eye disease and restrictive strabismus were considered for local treatment of the myopathic component of the disease. A mixture of 1 ml 5-FU 50 mg/ml, 0.25 ml triamcinolone 40 mg/ml, and 1 ml lidocaine 2% is injected through the skin using a 25-gauge, 1.5-inch needle into the orbit adjacent to the affected extraocular muscle. Six patients were treated in the outpatient setting and 3 patients have been treated with this intervention intraoperatively at the time of orbital decompression. One was treated with the mixture reconstituted with hyaluronic acid (Healon GV) to address postoperative medial rectus fibrosis to the medial wall, this mixture was applied topically in the operative field and not injected. RESULTS: All patients had subjective improvement in the eye movement limitation and 2 patients had a change in motility on exam that was temporally correlated to injections. One patient did not disclose high-dose aspirin intake before injection and experienced a retrobulbar hemorrhage immediately following injection which was successfully treated. No complications were noted as a result of the medication itself. DISCUSSION: The combination of 5-fluorouracil and triamcinolone acetonide for orbital treatment may be a useful adjunct in treating patients with ongoing inflammatory activity, both in the office and in the operating room. The novel combination may optimize ophthalmic outcomes, modifying disease course in some patients.

Transcutaneous retrobulbar amphotericin B for rhino-orbital-cerebral mucormycosis: a multi-center retrospective comparative study.

PURPOSE: To assess whether transcutaneous retrobulbar amphotericin B injections (TRAMB) reduce exenteration rate without increasing mortality in rhino-orbital-cerebral mucormycosis (ROCM). METHODS: In this retrospective case-control study, 46 patients (51 eyes) with biopsy-proven ROCM were evaluated at 9 tertiary care institutions from 1998 to 2021. Patients were stratified by radiographic evidence of local orbital versus extensive involvement at presentation. Extensive involvement was defined by MRI or CT evidence of abnormal or loss of contrast enhancement of the orbital apex with or without cavernous sinus, bilateral orbital, or intracranial extension. Cases (+TRAMB) received TRAMB as adjunctive therapy while controls (-TRAMB) did not. Patient survival, globe survival, and vision/motility loss were compared between +TRAMB and -TRAMB groups. A generalized linear mixed effects model including demographic and clinical covariates was used to evaluate the impact of TRAMB on orbital exenteration and disease-specific mortality. RESULTS: Among eyes with local orbital involvement, exenteration was significantly lower in the +TRAMB group (1/8) versus -TRAMB (8/14) (p = 0.04). No significant difference in mortality was observed between the ±TRAMB groups. Among eyes with extensive involvement, there was no significant difference in exenteration or mortality rates between the ±TRAMB groups. Across all eyes, the number of TRAMB injections correlated with a statistically significant decreased rate of exenteration (p = 0.048); there was no correlation with mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with ROCM with local orbital involvement treated with adjunctive TRAMB demonstrated a lower exenteration rate and no increased risk of mortality. For extensive involvement, adjunctive TRAMB does not improve or worsen these outcomes.

Misdiagnosis of fungal infections of the orbit.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the accuracy of the initial diagnosis in the case of fungal infections of the orbit and identify factors that may influence patient outcomes. METHODS: An institutional review board-approved retrospective chart review was conducted across 2 large academic centres to identify cases of fungal infections involving the orbit from January 1, 1998, to November 15, 2019. Data collected included patient demographics, past medical history, examination findings, diagnosis, treatment, imaging, and outcomes. RESULTS: Fifty cases of fungal infection involving the orbit were identified. Of these, 33 (66.0%) were initially misdiagnosed as nonfungal diagnoses. Sixteen patients (32.0%) received multiple initial diagnoses. The most common diagnoses on presentation were bacterial cellulitis (n = 12 of 50; 24.0%) and bacterial sinusitis (n = 12 of 50; 24.0%). These were followed by vascular and orbital inflammatory conditions (n = 9 of 50; 18.0%): 5 patients (10.0%) were clinically diagnosed with giant cell arteritis, 3 (6.0%) with nonspecific orbital inflammation, and 1 (2.0%) with optic neuritis. In this subset of patients, 77.8% (n = 7 of 9) were treated initially with systemic steroids. Additional initial diagnoses included neoplastic mass lesions, mucocele, dacryocystitis, cavernous sinus thrombosis, hemorrhage, tick-borne illness, allergic rhinitis, and allergic conjunctivitis. Misdiagnosis was significantly correlated with involvement of the masticator space on imaging (p = 0.04). CONCLUSION: Fungal infections of the orbit are misdiagnosed in 2 of 3 cases. Nearly 15% of patients who are later diagnosed with fungal disease of the orbit were initially treated with systemic steroids. Misdiagnosis is more frequent when the masticator space is involved.

Partial Stenosis and Complete Punctal Closure Following Topical Netarsudil Use for Glaucoma.

PURPOSE: To describe patients who developed partial or complete punctal closure after the use of topical netarsudil in the treatment of glaucoma, with documented reversal of symptoms on drug cessation. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This is a retrospective, single-center case series including patients treated with topical netarsudil who were documented to have developed punctal disease ipsilateral to the eye(s) being treated. A literature review was also performed to identify other similar reports. RESULTS: A total of 10 patients were included in the study. Six patients developed partial punctal stenosis and 4 patients developed complete closure of the puncta in 1 or both eye(s) ipsilateral to the use of the topical medication. None of the patients developed punctal disease on the non-netarsudil side. The time from initiation of netarsudil to the documentation of punctal disease ranged from 5-32.2 months (18.41±9.94). In the patients with complete punctal closure, discontinuation of the topical medication led to clinical reappearance of the punctal opening, ranging from 31-83 days after drug cessation (45.75±21.57). In 8 cases, discontinuation of netarsudil resulted in improved epiphora and degree of punctal stenosis on clinical examination. CONCLUSIONS: The use of topical netarsudil for glaucoma may lead to punctal stenosis and complete punctal closure. These side effects of netarsudil are relevant to therapeutic considerations for glaucoma patients.

Association of Age-adjusted Charlson Comorbidity Index With Orbital Fungal Disease Outcomes.

PURPOSE: To determine whether the age-adjusted Charlson comorbidity index (age-CCI) in sino-orbital fungal disease patients correlates with disease-specific mortality. METHODS: Hospital billing systems at 2 academic institutions were queried for patients with ICD-9, ICD-10, and CPT codes used in fungal disease who also had orbital disease and significant visual loss. Thirty-two patients at Institution A and 18 patients at Institution B met the inclusion criteria of microbiologic or pathologic confirmation of fungal infection and completion of inpatient ophthalmology evaluation. Patients without radiographic abnormality in the sinus or orbit were excluded. Demographic, diagnostic, treatment, and outcome variables were recorded. Our primary outcome was death due to fungal disease. RESULTS: Of the 50 medical records examined, 44 patients met the criteria for fungal-related death outcome on multivariate analysis. The regression coefficient for age-CCI and fungal-related mortality was 0.242 (95% CI, 0.012-0.779) with a p value of 0.038. CONCLUSIONS: Age-CCI is significantly associated with fungal-related mortality. This relationship remains significant when controlling for 5 covariates of fungal organism phylum, presence or absence of CNS disease, exenteration, local treatment use, and presence or absence of an immunosuppressive diagnosis. Age-CCI shows promise as a clinical and research tool in the evaluation of invasive fungal disease involving the orbit.

Correlation of Automated Computed Tomography Volumetric Analysis Metrics With Motility Disturbances in Thyroid Eye Disease.

PURPOSE: The authors sought to examine relationships between CT metrics derived via an automated method and clinical parameters of extraocular muscle changes in thyroid eye disease (TED). METHODS: CT images of 204 orbits in the setting of TED were analyzed with an automated segmentation tool developed at the institution. Labels were applied to orbital structures of interest on the study images, which were then registered against a previously established atlas of manually indexed orbits derived from 35 healthy individuals. Point-wise correspondences between study and atlas images were then compared via a fusion algorithm to highlight metrics of interest where TED orbits differed from healthy orbits. RESULTS: Univariate analysis demonstrated several correlations between CT metrics and clinical data. Metrics pertaining to the extraocular muscles-including average diameter, maximum diameter, and muscle volume-were strongly correlated (p < 0.05) with the presence of ocular motility deficits with regards to the superior, inferior, and lateral recti (with exception of superior rectus motility deficits being mildly correlated with muscle volume [p = 0.09]). Motility defects of the medial rectus were strongly correlated with muscle volume, and only weakly correlated with average and maximum muscle diameter. CONCLUSIONS: The novel method of automated imaging metrics may provide objective, rapid clinical information which may have utility in prevention and recognition of visual impairments in TED before they reach an advanced or irreversible stage and while they are able to be improved with immunomodulatory treatments.

Porcine Urinary Bladder Extracellular Matrix for Treatment of Periocular Skin Defects.

PURPOSE: To describe the experience of 4 oculoplastic surgeons with porcine bladder matrix for periocular anterior lamella and donor site skin defects either as stand-alone treatment or in conjunction with other reconstructive procedures. The authors hypothesized that defect size and location influence the requirement for additional matrix treatments or ancillary procedures. METHODS: Following the Institutional Review Board approval, the authors conducted a retrospective review of 17 patients treated with porcine bladder matrix at 2 oculoplastic practices between 2016 and 2018. Powdered matrix was applied to the skin defect and overlaid with a matrix sheet. Subsequent rounds of matrix treatment or other reconstructive procedures were performed as necessary. Defect size and location were correlated to the number of ancillary matrix treatments or surgical procedures via univariate analysis. RESULTS: Twenty-five sites (21 primary and 4 donor) in 17 individuals (8-95 years, M = 58.8 years, 10 males) were treated with porcine bladder matrix. All wounds healed successfully. Additional matrix treatments were administered at 5 sites. Ancillary procedures were performed for 7 sites. Upper lid involvement and larger defect size tended to require additional ancillary procedures (p = 0.006), while lower eyelid and other periocular defects required fewer procedures (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Porcine bladder matrices are useful adjuncts to healing periocular anterior lamella defects in various settings. Such repairs are useful in nonsurgical candidates, but must take into account varying levels of complexity based on lesion location. Smaller defects are more conducive to application of matrices as stand-alone treatment, while larger or upper eyelid defects often require additional procedures.

Use of Dermaflage®, a silicone-based skin camouflage product, for treatment of medial canthal fistula.

Medial canthal fistulas present a therapeutic challenge, given that the risk factors for development of this and similar complications also contribute to their difficulty to treat. Following surgical, chemotherapy and radiation treatment of a poorly differentiated sinonasal carcinoma, a 61 year old man failed internal and external rotational flap repair and declined further operative procedures; he was satisfied with a novel conservative treatment. This report describes use of Dermaflage®, a silicone-based skin camouflage and topical cutaneous filler product, to both resolve the symptoms of tearing and discharge through the fistula and mask the defect from the casual observer.