Pulmonary granulomas confirmed in Blau syndrome using TBLC specimens: Case report.

Blau syndrome (BS), is an autoinflammatory granulomatosis disease characterized by a distinct triad of skin, joint, and eye disorders similar to those of sarcoidosis, but the lung involvement frequently observed in sarcoidosis are rare. Granulomas from patients with BS displayed a distinct morphology indicating an exuberant chronic inflammatory response. Patients with BS may have granulomatous lung lesions, which require early diagnosis. To determine whether therapeutic intervention is needed for lung lesions, examining transbronchial lung cryobiopsy specimens and accumulating cases of BS with lung involvement could be contributed to improving BS management in the future.

Changes in Peripheral Blood Eosinophil Counts and Risk of Eosinophilic Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis Onset after Initiation of Dupilumab Administration in Adult Patients with Asthma.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study is to clarify the changes in peripheral blood eosinophil (PBE) counts and eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA) onset in patients with asthma who were treated with dupilumab in clinical practice. METHODS: The primary outcome of this study is to determine the onset of EGPA in patients whose PBE counts continued to rise within 6 months of dupilumab initiation (rising group) and in patients whose PBE counts peaked and subsequently declined within 6 months (peaked and declined group). As a secondary outcome, the incidence of developing EGPA in patients with PBE counts greater than 1500 cells/µL at 3 or 6 months after dupilumab administration is investigated. RESULTS: A total of 37 individual were enrolled (male/female = 14/23, median age = 57.0 years old). The development of EGPA was significantly more frequent in the rising group compared with the peaked and declined group (p = 0.042, effect size = 0.455, moderate association). Patients with PBE counts greater than 1500 cells/µL showed a significantly higher risk of developing EGPA (p = 0.017, effect size = 0.678, strong association). CONCLUSIONS: Physicians should check for the onset of EGPA by monitoring the elevation of eosinophils within 6 months after dupilumab administration, especially in patients with PBE counts greater than 1500 cells/µL at 3 months.

Transcutaneous gas monitoring is a useful tool to detect respiratory depression during bronchoscopy performed under propofol sedation.

BACKGROUND: Bronchoscopy is a relatively invasive procedure where patients are often sedated. However, adequate sedation is not always achieved. Propofol is often used for difficult-to-sedate patients undergoing bronchoscopy despite a potential risk of respiratory depression. Transcutaneous carbon dioxide (tcpCO2) monitoring, introduced recently, is recognized as a convenient surrogate method for continuous monitoring of the partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide (PaCO2). This study examined the safety of switching to propofol during bronchoscopy by using transcutaneous carbon dioxide monitoring. METHODS: Patients in whom transcutaneous gas monitoring had been performed during bronchoscopy were included in this study. The participants were divided into two groups: 1) the midazolam + fentanyl group (MF group), and 2) the group in which midazolam was switched to propofol owing to inadequate sedation obtained with midazolam + fentanyl (MFP group). We retrospectively analyzed the transcutaneous gas measurement data collected in patients under propofol sedation for bronchoscopy. RESULTS: This study included 61 (MF, n = 41; MFP, n = 20) patients. The duration of elevated tcpCO2 (>50 mm Hg) was greater in the MFP group (MF 8.5 min vs. MFP 22.1 min, p = 0.042). CONCLUSION: Switching midazolam to propofol during bronchoscopy was significantly associated with a higher risk of elevated tcpCO2, which is indicative of respiratory depression. Therefore, continuous tcpCO2 monitoring is required to ensure the safety of patients under propofol sedation for bronchoscopy.

Carboplatin plus nab-paclitaxel for recurrent small cell lung cancer: A phase II study.

BACKGROUND: We conducted a phase II study of carboplatin plus nab-paclitaxel for the treatment of small cell lung cancer (SCLC) after the failure of a prior standard chemotherapy containing platinum, etoposide, irinotecan, and amrubicin if indicated. Patients with interstitial pneumonia complications were included in the study. METHODS: Patients received 100 mg/m2 of nab-paclitaxel weekly (on days 1, 8, and 15) and an AUC 5 of carboplatin on day 1. The study treatment was repeated every 3 weeks until disease progression or the appearance of unacceptable toxicities. The primary endpoint was the objective response rate. RESULTS: A total of 21 patients were enrolled, all of whom were eligible for inclusion in the analysis. Twelve patients had pre-existing interstitial pneumonia. The overall response rate was 19.0% (90% confidence interval [CI]: 6.8%-38.4%). The lower limit of the 90% CI for the response rate did not exceed the prespecified threshold value of 10%. Among the 12 patients with pre-existing interstitial pneumonia, the response rate was 25%. The median progression-free survival time was 2.5 months (95% CI: 1.5-3.4 months), and the median survival time was 5.1 months (95% CI: 2.1-8.1 months). Two patients developed interstitial lung disease; both of these patients had pre-existing interstitial pneumonia. One of the patients died from interstitial lung disease. CONCLUSION: Combination chemotherapy with carboplatin plus nab-paclitaxel for recurrent SCLC had a modest activity, although the primary study endpoint was not met. Further investigation of this regimen for patients with recurrent SCLC and interstitial pneumonia is warranted.

A Case of Crohn's Disease with Cardiac Tamponade Caused by Tuberculous Pericarditis: Assessment of a Rare Phenomenon.

A 28-year-old woman was hospitalized for cardiac tamponade caused by tuberculous pericarditis. She was taking ustekinumab (UST) for Crohn's disease. UST is not considered to significantly increase the risk of developing serious infections, including tuberculosis. However, there is still a risk of Mycobacterium tuberculosis reactivation. Therefore, for patients on concurrent UST and antituberculosis medication, a close collaboration among specialists in infectious diseases, cardiology, and gastroenterology is necessary.

A case of spindle cell dominant histiocytic sarcoma showing a complete remission after first-line chemotherapy with doxorubicin and ifosfamide.

Histiocytic sarcoma (HS), an extremely rare malignancy, usually follows a progressive time course, and patients die within two years of diagnosis. At present, there is no consensus for effective chemotherapy. We report the case of a 54-year-old man who presented with low back pain and left hip joint pain. Imaging for the pain revealed multiple lesions in the mediastinum, vertebral bodies, and left ilium. Biopsies of the mediastinal and vertebral lesions yielded a diagnosis of soft tissue sarcoma. He received standard chemotherapy for sarcoma with doxorubicin and ifosfamide, as the initial pathological diagnosis was soft tissue sarcoma. This is called AI therapy and commonly used for soft tissue sarcoma. Palliative radiation therapy to the left iliac lesion was added for pain control. Complete remission (CR) was achieved after two courses of AI therapy. Subsequent immunopathological examination revealed that the tumor was spindle cell dominant HS. CR was maintained for more than three years. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report that a CR was achieved by AI therapy as first-line treatment for spindle cell dominant HS, combined with focal bone palliative irradiation. AI therapy could be an effective option as chemotherapy for HS.

Cryptococcal Pleuritis Presenting with Lymphocyte-predominant and High Levels of Adenosine Deaminase in Pleural Effusions Coincident with Pulmonary Tuberculosis.

Co-infection with cryptococcus and tuberculosis has rarely been reported. We herein report a case of an 80-year-old man with cryptococcal pleuritis concurrent with pulmonary tuberculosis. He was admitted for progression of left pleural effusion and consolidation in the left upper lobe. Culture for Mycobacterium tuberculosis was positive in sputum, and analyses of pleural effusion revealed lymphocyte-predominant high levels of adenosine deaminase (ADA). Medical thoracoscopy revealed massive infiltration of Cryptococcus neoformans in pleura without granuloma. This is the first case report of cryptococcal pleuritis coincident with pulmonary tuberculosis. Cryptococcal pleuritis should be ruled out when the adenosine deaminase levels are elevated in pleural effusion.