Effective control method of larvae of Diabrotica virgifera virgifera Leconte.

Larvae of WCR are feeding on the roots of corn while plants fall down. The egg hatching is continuous and soil insecticides are not effective to kill larvae. Unfortunately the recent control methods while we incorporate disinfectors Into the soil under seeding are not able to give enough effect on larvae of WCR under the whole period of larval development. We use to saw corn in the middle of April but eggs hatching start in the middle of May. The effectiveness of insecticides takes about one month so they are not able to protect plants from larvae are feeding on roots (Luckman et al., 1974 and Luckmann et al., 1975). They cause yield losses or in case of plant fall we can not harvest the corn. We have tested a material in greenhouse screening and field trips that is able to absorb insecticides and bind them into its body. This material is able to emit the agents continuously under the vegetation and we can protect our plants against the damages of WCR larvae. Our results shows that the material is able to elongate the effectiveness of the pesticides over 60 days and able to push the number of larvae under the economical threshold.

Colorado potato beetle larvae on potato plants expressing a locust proteinase inhibitor.

The natural defence system of plants often involves inhibitors of digestive enzymes of their pests. Modem and environmental-friendly methods try to increase this plant resistance by expressing heterologous protease inhibitors in crops. Here we report the effects of expressing a gene from desert locust (Schistocerca gregaria) encoding two serine protease inhibitors in potato on Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata) larvae. The gene encoding both peptides on a single chain was used for Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of potato plants. The presence of the active inhibitor protein in the leaves was verified. The feeding bioassays in the laboratory showed that despite the low level of the peptide in leaves, CPB larvae on transgenic plants have grown slightly but significantly more slowly than those on control potato plants. The results support the notion that expression of multifunctional proteinase inhibitors of insect origin in plants might be a good strategy to improve insect resistance.

[Introduction of liposomes: examination methods and their importance in research and quality assurance]. / Liposzómák vizsgálati módszereinek bemutatása, jelentóségük a kutatásban, és a minóségbiztosításban.

After a short introduction, the most important and most commonly used liposome examination methods are described in two parts. At first, we would like to review some of the methods used to examine physical parameters (electronmicroscope, high pressure liquid chromatography, light scattering measurement etc.). In the second part, the methods are reviewed with changes during phase transition of lipids can be described (differential scanning calorimetry, fluorescence).

A critical analysis of the gastric secretory response of patients with duodenal ulcer in dependence of their age and duration of complaints.

The different parameters of the basal and maximal gastric secretory responses were measured in 120 patients with duodenal ulcer. The correlations between the different gastric secretory parameters [volume, H+ concentration, basal acid output (BAO), maximal acid output (MAO), maximal acid output-basal acid output, basal acid output . maximal acid output X 100] were studied in these patients, in dependence of their age and duration of complaints. A positive and mathematically significant correlation was found between the following parameters: 1. age of patients and H+ concentration of gastric basal secretion (r = 0.326; n = 120; P less than 0.001); 2. age of patients and basal acid output (r = 0.200; P less than 0.05); 3. duration of complaints and volume of gastric basal secretion (r = 0.186; P less than 0.05); 4. duration of complaints and basal acid output (r = 0.237; P less than 0.05); 5. age of patients and BAO . MAO-1 X 100 (r = 0.216; P less than 0.05); 6. duration of complaints and BAO. MAO-1 X 100 (4 = 0.197; P less than 0.05); 7. volume of gastric maximal and basal secretory response (r = 0.398; P less than 0.001); 8. H+ concentration of gastric maximal and basal secretory response (r = 0.480; P less than 0.001); 9. MAO and BAO values (r = 0.521; P less than 0.001); 10. H+ output and H+ concentration of gastric basal secretory response (r = 0.620; P less than 0.001); 11. H+ output and volume of gastric basal secretory response (r = 0.779; P less than 0.001); 12. H+ concentration and volume of gastric maximal secretory response (r = 0.298; P less than 0.01); 13. H+ output and H+ concentration of gastric maximal secretory response (r = 0.720; P less than 0.001); 14. H+ output and volume of gastric maximal secretory response (r = 0.802; P less than 0.001). A negative and mathematically significant correlation was observed between the values of BAO . MAO-1 X 100 and of MAO - BAO (r = 0.435; P less than 0.001). It has been concluded 1. duodenal ulcer disease protects the human gastric fundic mucosa against "senile decay"; 2. the changes of gastric basal and maximal secretory responses, induced by duodenal ulcer, do not supply a pathological base for gastric surgery in patients, on dependence on their ages and duration of complaints.

Biochemistry of chronic jejunal ulcer in patients.

Separation and measurement of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), adenosine diphosphate (ADP), adenosine monophosphate (AMP), adenine-adenosine, lipid phosphates (lipid P), ribonucleic acid (RNA), deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), further of Mg2+-dependent, total (Mg2+-dependent plus Na+-K+-dependent) and Na+-K+-dependent ATPases was carried out in control (non-ulcerated) and ulcerated (mucosa up to 2.0 cm around the ulcer) jejunal mucosa of 11 patients with chronic jejunal ulcer, who had undergone a Billroth II gastric resection for duodenal ulcer. The levels of ATP, ADP, AMP, sum of ATP + ADP + AMP, lipid-P, RNA (related to 1.0 mg DNA) and the activity of Mg2+-dependent, total (Mg2+-dependent plus Na+-K+-dependent) and Na+-K+-dependent ATPase (related to 1.0 mg membrane protein) were significantly higher in the lacerated jejunal mucosa than in the control one. The results indicate that (1) no circulatory damage can be found in the ulcerated jejunal mucosa; (2) a cellular hyperactivity (increased ATP breakdown and increased ATP resynthesis, increased RNA and lipid synthesis) occurs in the ulcerated jejunal mucosa; (3) the biochemical structure of cells differs significantly in the control and the ulcerated jejunal mucosa.

Biochemistry of antral ulcer in patients.

Separation and measurement of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), adenosine diphosphate (ADP), adenosine monophosphate (AMP), adenine-adenosine, lipid phosphates (lipid-P), RNA and DNA, furthermore, separation of Mg2+-dependent, total (Mg2+-dependent plus Na+--K+-dependent or Mg2+--Na+--K+-dependent) and Na+--K+-dependent ATPases and measured of their activities were carried out in tissue samples obtained from "ulcerated antral mucosa", from "non-ulcerated antral mucosa" and the muscular layer beneath the examined mucosa specimens, of patients with antral ulcer. It has been found that (1) the tissue levels of ATP, ADP and AMP, of the sum ATP + ADP + AMP, adenine-adenosine, lipid-P, RNA all calculated for 1.0 mg DNA content, further, the activities of Mg2+-dependent, total (Mg2+-dependent plus Na+--K+-dependent) and Na+--K+-dependent ATPase were significantly higher in the ulcerated antral mucosa than those in the control antral mucosa; (2) no significant biochemical alterations were found in the muscles under the ulcerated and non-ulcerated antral mucosa of patients with antral ulcer; (3) the extents of increases in the substrate levels of ulcerated antral mucosa depended on their original levels in the control antral mucosa. The results indicate a cellular hyperfunction in the ulcerated antral mucosa, in comparison with the control one. No circulatory injury could be demonstrated in the ulcerated antral mucosa.

Biochemical and energetic gradients in the mucosa of stomach and duodenum of patients with antral ulcer.

Separation and measurement of adenine-adenosine, adenosine monophosphate (AMP), adenosine diphosphate (ADP), adenosine triphosphate (ATP), lipid phosphates, RNA and DNA, further, separation and measurement of Mg2+-dependent, total (Mg2+-dependent plus Na+--K+-dependent, Mg2+-Na+-K-dependent) and Na+-K+-dependent ATPases were carried out in the mucosa and muscles of the corpus, antrum and duodenum of 68 patients with antral ulcer. It was found that (1) the substrate levels of adenosine nucleotides, lipid phosphates and RNA were significantly higher in the corpus mucosa than those in the mucosa of the antrum and duodenum (calculated for 1.0 mg DNA content); (2) the amounts of adenosine nucleotides and the sum of ATP + ADP + AMP did not alter significantly in the muscles of the corpus, antrum and duodenum; (3) the levels of adenosine nucleotides, sum of ATP + ADP + AMP, lipid phosphates and RNA, further the activities of Mg2+-dependent , total (Mg2/-dependent plus Na+-K+-dependent) and Na+-K+-dependent ATPases were significantly higher in the corpus mucosa than those in the corpus muscles. It was concluded that (1) energetic and biochemical gradients are present between the substrate levels in the mucosa of the corpus, antrum and duodenum; (2) the neural and/or humoral regulatory mechanisms differ in the mucosa and muscles of the corpus, in order to their biochemistry.

A comparative molecular--pharmacological study of drugs inhibiting Na+--K+-dependent ATPase separated from human gastric fundic mucosa. (One receptor system and more drugs).

The inhibitory effects of atropine, epinephrine, cyclic 3', 5'-AMP (cAMP), the prostaglandins E1 (PGE1) and E2 (PGE2) pentagastrin, histamine and ouabain have been studied on the activity of Na+--K+-dependent ATPase obtained from human gastric fundic mucosa. This study compares the sensitivity of the enzyme to a variety of drugs, applying the law of one receptor and more drugs. It was found that (1) the doses of drugs necessary to produce 50% inhibition to Na+--K+-dependent ATPase activity (affinity, pD2 value) significantly differ from each other C (atropine, 9.50; epinephrine, 8.60; cAMP: 11.30; PGE1, 9.30; PGE2, 9.45; pentagastrin, 9.45; histamine, 9.70 and ouabain, 9.50); (2) the intrinsic activities of drugs to Na+--K+-dependent, ATPase in comparison with ouabain (alpha=1.00) differ: atropine, PGE1, PGE2 and histamine, 1.00; pentagastrin, 0.87; cAMP, 0.48 and epinephrine, 0.41; (3) the inhibitory effects of different drugs, on Na+--K+-dependent ATPase system, depend on the magnitude of enzyme activity from human gastric fundic mucosa. It has been concluded that (1) the sensitivity of these drugs to the Na+--K+-dependent ATPase system and to the adenylate cyclase system, both obtained from human gastric mucosa, significantly differs from each other; (2) the main effect of pentagastrin and histamine on human gastric secretory function differs from the function of Na+--K+-dependent ATPase system; (3) the role of Na+--K+-dependent ATPase system and of adenylate cyclase can be separated pharmacologically from the point of view of human gastric H+ secretion.

Immune thrombocytolytic purpura (ITP): a diagnostic and therapeutic survey of 86 cases with regard to the results of splenectomy and conservative therapy.

The therapeutic results in 86 cases of ITP seen over a period of 15 years are reported. Distribution of the haemorrhagic manifestations was in agreement with published data. On follow-up of the 40 splenectomized patients, the shortened platelet life-span, the reduced "recovery" as well as the increased rates of platelet turnover and platelet formation revealed a manifest tendency of normalization. One year after splenectomy the results were found "good" or "moderate" in 86%, more than two years after the intervention in 85%, of the cases. Retrospective analysis of the platelet-sequestration studies having shown "good" or satisfactory results in 93% of the splenic cases, this investigation is regarded as crucial to the indication of splenectomy. The absence of increased thrombocytopoiesis in approximately 15% of the cases is attributed to an antibody effect, reflected in a reduced polyploidy of the megakaryocytes. Normalization or increase in platelet count early after splenectomy is interpreted as a favourable prognostic sign. On the other hand, neither age of the patients nor the time of splenectomy was found to affect the success of the intervention. The results of corticosteroid treatment (Prednisolon 52%) lag far behind those of splenectomy. Ten patients were given combined immunosuppressive treatment.

Biochemical gradients in the human gastric and duodenal mucosa in relation to basal acid outputs.

The separations and measurements of adenine-adenosine, adenosine monophosphate (AMP), adenosine diphosphate (ADP), adenosine triphosphate (ATP), lipid phosphates (lipid-P), ribonucleic acid (RNA) and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) were carried out in the mucosa of the corpus, antrum, and duodenum of patients with decreased, normal, and increased basal acid outputs (BAO). The results were calculated in correspondence to 1.0 mg DNA value. The results indicate: 1) the biochemical composition of the corpus and antral mucosa alters with increase of BAO; 2) a significant difference was found between the biochemical compositions of the mucosa of the corpus and antrum in patients with normal and increased BAO; 3) no significant difference was observed in the biochemical components of duodenal mucosa with different BAO.

A cellular-biochemical evaluation of gastric body mucosa and muscular layer in patients with different basal acid outputs.

The membrane (Na+-K+ -dependent) ATP-ase (EC 3.6.1.3.), adenine-adenosine, adenosine monophosphate (AMP), adenosine diphosphate (ADP), adenosine triphosphate (ATP), phospholipid phosphates (lipid-P), ribonucleic acid (RNA), and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) were extracted and measured in the patients' gastric body mucosa and muscular layer with different basal acid outputs. It was observed that the Na+-K+ -dependent ATP-ase activity, tissue adenine adenosine, AMP, ADP, ATP, lipid-P, and RNA - in correspondence to 1.0 mg DNA - significantly increased in the gastric corpus mucosa, with an increase of basal acid output. No significant changes of these parameters were found to be present in the gastric body muscular layer of patients with different basal acid output. It has been concluded: 1) the energy requirement for H+ secretion, from the point of view of basal acid output, is given by the transformation of ATP into ADP; 2) the biochemical building up of the human gastric mucosa is different in patients with decreased, normal and increased BAO values; 3) no significant difference is found between the biochemical structures of gastric muscular layer in patients with different basal acid output values.

Platelet storage in the spleen in idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura and congestive splenomegaly.

The kinetics of 51Cr-tagged platelets was studied in 10 patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura and in 8 patients with congestive splenomegaly. The surgically removed spleens were examined for their platelet content and for their microscopic structure. In idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura the life-span of platelets was reduced, the number of platelets washed out from the spleen averaged 4.36 X 10(10)/100 g splenic tissue (intrasplenic platelet reserve). The index platelets per g splenic tissue/platelets per ml whole blood reflecting the tendency of platelets to concentrate in the spleen was 8.06. Microscopically, extensive phagocytosis of platelets by macrophages and a preserved lienal architecture were seen. In the group of congestive splenomegaly the life-span of platelets was not significantly shortened and the intrasplenic platelet reserve agreed with the figure found in idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. The spleen was characterized by fibroid degeneration and endothelial hypertrophy causing partial obstruction of the sinusoids. It is concluded that while the intrasplenic platelet reserve is nearly the same in idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura and congestive splenomegaly, in idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura hypersequestration while in congestive splenomegaly platelet storage predominates.