Labelling of individual ependymal areas in lateral ventricles of human brain: ependymal tables.

Different types of ependymal areas were studied and labelled in the human brain lateral ventricle. Periventricular structures were included in coining the names of the ependymal areas because they represent a basic and stable part of brain nerve structures suitable for the sake of clarity of localization of the ependyma. The labelling of individual ependymal areas was composed from letters: "Lv" (lateral ventricle); "E" (ependymal area) and letters for abbreviations of the closest periventricular structure, e.g. the septum pellucidum is "sp". The labelling for ependymal area over the septum pellucidum is thus "LvE-sp". The studied types of ependymal areas were arranged in so­called ependymal tables for cornu anterius, pars centralis, cornu inferius and cornu posterius of the human lateral ventricle. Labelling of individual ependymal areas allows for better localization and characterisation of these areas in future studies carried out by various methods (e.g. morphological, biological, molecular) and will prevent from using misnomers with different types of ependymal areas in norm as well as in pathology (Tab. 5, Fig. 6, Ref. 22). Text in PDF www.elis.sk.

Metformin in chemically-induced mammary carcinogenesis in rats.

In this paper the chemopreventive effect of peroral antidiabetic metformin in mammary carcinogenesis in female Sprague-Dawley rats was evaluated. Mammary carcinogenesis was induced by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (NMU) administered in two intraperitoneal doses each per 50 mg/kg b.w. between 43.-55. postnatal days. Metformin was administered in drinking water (at a concentration of 50 microg/ml and 500 microg/ml) 13 days before the first NMU dose until the termination of the experiment. During the experiment the animals were weekly weighed and palpated for the presence of mammary tumors, the incidence, latency, tumor frequency, and tumor volume were recorded. The experiment was terminated 18 weeks after the first NMU dose, basic tumor growth parameters and metabolic and hormonal variables were evaluated. Metformin did not significantly alter the tumor growth although a delay in tumor onset was recorded after higher metformin dose. Metformin altered metabolic and hormonal variables. Insulinemia decreased after both metformin doses in comparison with intact rats without changes in glycemia, triacylglycerols concentration was decreased in liver and increased in serum when compared to intacts. Higher metformin dose attenuated lipoperoxidation in liver.