[Safety of laser use]. / Bezpieczenstwo stosowania laserów.

The paper presents the problems related to safe use of lasers being the parts of medical devices. There were discussed laser radiation interaction on biological tissues, hazards that arise during the work with laser devices, as well as fundamental safety rules and obligatory radiation protection standards. The selected constructions of anti-laser filters used for eyesight protection were also presented.

[Crystalline structure of urinary stones]. / Krystaliczna budowa kamieni moczowych.

After examining about 600 urinary calculus, their structure was characterised. Four kinds of renal stone structures were distinguished. A few particular structures were presented such as the ones whose centres were empty i.e. they had a cavity inside either completely empty or filled with loose or granulated powder (they amounted to 8 pieces i.e. 1.2% of all examined urinary stones). Another specific case was phosphate renal stone with a very complex layer structure. It was concluded that the establishing of so called nucleus is not decisive in the process of building up renal stones. There exist the renal stones which are built up of separate, big crystals, which cannot contain any nucleus or of solid mass of crystalline powder. The reasons of building up renal stones are only of physics-chemical nature i.e. they result from a simple phenomenon in which crystallization of chemical compounds from supersaturated solutions is involved.

Restoration of the continuity of dog ureter after resection of its 5 cm middle segment.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the restoration of the ureter of the dog after resection of a 5 cm-long middle segment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eight dogs underwent resection of the middle segment of the ureter, after which a 6-8 F Bard ureteric stent modelling catheter was inserted into both remaining portions of the ureter for 3 months. One month after removal of the stent the animals were killed and their ureters examined both grossly and microscopically. Paraffin-embedded sections were subjected to microscopic and immunohistochemical studies. RESULTS: The continuity of the ureter was restored but the reconstructed segment was narrowed to a variable extent. The wall of the ureter was lined by normal urothelium but consisted of fibrous connective tissue which failed to produce a regular coat. The reconstructed segment showed no smooth muscle cells (negative staining with azan and a negative reaction with monoclonal antibodies against desmin). A few smooth myocytes were found only at the border with intact portions of the ureter. CONCLUSIONS: The surgical procedure resulted in the restoration of ureteric continuity by repair and not by regeneration of its wall.

[Irradiation of the bladder in dogs with narrow laser YAG:Nd]. / Naswietlanie pecherza moczowego u psów wiazka lasera YAG:Nd.

The authors discuss effects of YAG:Nd laser beam of 35W and exposure time between 0.4 and 0.8 second on the internal surface of bladder wall in two dogs. Such an energy destroyed bladder tissues to not more than a half of their thickness.

[YAG:Nd laser cw in treatment of precancerous states of the penis]. / YAG:Nd laser cw w leczeniu stanów przedrakowych pracia.

In the paper the results are presented of treatment with laser light generated by a YAG:Nd cw laser of a patient with Queyrat disease and another patient with leukoplakia of the glans penis. As the result of the treatment carried out, the lesions revealed during six-month observation regressed completely, leaving no scars. No impairment of sexual functions was found in the treated patients.

Human urinary bladder-carcinoma cells are non-osteoinductive.

Small pieces (ca. 2-3 x 3-5 mm) of the urinary-tract mucosa from noninvasive papillary transitional-cell carcinomas of the bladder (ca. urotheliale papillare, n = 33), invasive transitional-cell carcinomas of the bladder (ca. urotheliale papillare infiltrans, n = 6, papillary transitional-cell carcinomas of the bladder with squamous metaplasia (ca. urotheliale papillare cum metaplasia planoepitheliale, n = 4), transitional-cell carcinomas in situ (ca. urotheliale in situ, n = 2), and squamous-cell carcinomas of the bladder (ca. planoepitheliale, n = 2) were grafted intramuscularly into cortisone-immunosuppressed mice to test the ability of transformed transitional epithelium to induce heterotopic osteogenesis. Altogether, 156 implants from 47 cases of urinary bladder carcinoma were performed. Histological examination of implants, excised 10-17 days later, revealed relatively good survival of the grafted epithelium, which had proliferated and, in some cases, formed cysts and islands but failed to induce heterotopic osteogenesis in the surrounding host tissues. In nine implants prepared from four cases (noninvasive papillary transitional-cell carcinoma of the bladder and invasive papillary transitional-cell carcinoma of the bladder, two cases each) a small amount of cartilage and/or bone was found in the stroma of grafted tissue. The rarity of this phenomenon--together with the observation that implants of normal human urinary-tract mucosa have never induced the formation of cartilage/bone, whereas in a similar system, dog or guinea-pig grafts are osteogenic--suggests that the cartilage/bone present in the stroma of implanted cancers is the result of metaplasia of the stroma of the neoplasm and not the product of any osteoinductive potency of human urothelium.

Is heterotopic bone formation, occurring near a cut ureter, a sign of osteoinductive potency of human urothelium?

A bone formation in the ileo-lumbalis muscle following urine leakage from the injured ureter is reported. The role of osteoinductive potential of urothelium is discussed and negated.

Species differences in uroepithelium-induced bone development: observations on transplants of human uroepithelium in cortisone-treated mice.

Specimens (2-3 x 3-5 mm) of human urinary tract mucosa from bladder (67 cases), ureter and renal pelvis (35 cases) were implanted intramuscularly into cortisone-treated mice in order to elucidate whether human urothelium has the potency to induce osteogenesis. Although xenogeneic epithelium survived up to 14 days after implantation, in none of the 300 implants performed was a bone or cartilage induction observed. Implantation of urinary bladder mucosa from guinea pig and dog resulted in a heterotopic bone and cartilage formation in the graft's vicinity in 28 of 39 cases. The survival of animal transitional epithelium was similar to that of human. It is concluded that human transitional epithelium does not possess osteoinductive potency. Some clinical data pointing to a link between heterotopic osteogenesis and surgical intervention on urinary tract have been reconsidered and explained by the authors' own hypothesis. In addition, data presented in this paper indicate that one should be very careful when attempting to transmit results performed on dog urinary tract to humans.

[Anastomosis of ureter with YAG:Nd laser in the rabbit. Experimental investigations]. / Zespolenie moczowodu promieniami lasera YAG:Nd u królika. Badania doswiadczalne.

An attempt to repair ureter with the neodium YAG laser in rabbits has been reported. Laser designed by the Institute of Opto-electronics at the Military Technical Academy in Warsaw has been used to anastomose previously cut off ureter. The result has been favourable in 60% of cases. Stenosis making the urine outflow from the kidney difficult might be contributed to technical problems.

[Effect of cw laser YAG: Nd laser beam on the wall of the urinary bladder taken from cadavers]. / Wplyw wiazki promieniowania lasera cw YAG: Nd na sciane pecherza moczowego pobranego ze zwlok.

The results of irradiation of the urinary bladder wall with cw YAG:Nd laser beam are presented. The use of irradiation times ranging from 02, and 0.8 second destroyed irradiated tissues up to a half of the muscular laser.

[The puzzle of spontaneous regression of pulmonary metastasis of renal carcinoma (after many years of observing the patient)]. / Zagadnienie samoistnej regresji przerzutów raka nerki do pluc (na podstawie wieloletniej obserwacji chorego).

A case of spontaneous of pulmonary metastases of renal carcinoma RCC with 16-years follow-up was presented. Based on review of literature, current opinions on spontaneous regression of the pulmonary metastases in RCC after nephrectomy are discussed.

[Ureteral anastomosis by Nd:YAG laser light; experimental studies in dogs]. / Zespolenie moczowodu swiatlem lasera Nd:YAG; badania doswiadczalne u psów.

The results of experimental ureteral anastomoses with laser Nd:YAG are discussed. Cut ureters were anastomosed in all animals. Anastomosis consisted of the scar of the connective tissue covered with intermediate epithelium and scarring process was quicker, if modelling catheter was used.

[Irradiation of the urinary bladder in rabbits with YAG-Neodymium laser]. / Naswietlania pecherza moczowego królików wiazka lasera YAG:Nd.

The results of irradiation of the internal wall of bladder in rabbits with YAG:Ne laser developed at the Institute of Optoelectronics, Military Technical Academy in Warsaw are presented. The value of this laser in coagulation of the wall of bladder at 35W and exposure 0.2-8.0 seconds is stressed out. Results justify clinical trials with the use of this type of laser in the treatment of the urinary neoplasms in men.

[Early results of endoscopic treatment of vesico-ureteral reflux in children]. / Frühergebnisse der endoskopischen Behandlung des vesikoureteralen Refluxes bei Kindern.

Endoscopic treatment of vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is based on transurethral injection of Teflon paste or collagen gel into the submucosa of the bladder wall beneath the distal ureter, resulting in support of the intramural part. This endoscopic procedure was performed in 75 children with VUR of varying severity. Altogether 111 ureters were treated, 94 with injections of Teflon paste and 17 with collagen gel. Improvement of VUR in the early postoperative period was achieved in 91.5% of the ureters treated with Teflon and in 82.4% of the ureters treated with collagen. No complications were observed. Endoscopic treatment of VUR seems to be an worthwhile alternative to open surgery. However, since long-term follow-up has not been completed, the efficacy of the method cannot yet be finally assessed.

[Fibrolipoma of the testis]. / Wlókniakotluszczak jadra.

This report deals with a very uncommon benign testicular tumour, fibrolipoma. Orchidectomy was followed by the removal of the lymph nodes from the region of external iliac vessels. No recurrence appeared during 6-year follow-up.