Exposure of Polish children to Southampton food colours.

A study published in 2007 showed that the intake of six food colours (the so-called 'Southampton colours') may have an adverse effect on activity and attention in children. The present study set out to assess the exposure of Polish children (3 and 8-9 years old, n = 149) to six of the target colours. Two methods were used to evaluate colour consumption by children: scenario 1 using the maximum permitted levels (MPLs) and actual food consumption data; and scenario 2 using the actual levels in food and actual food consumption data. The data on the actual consumption of food containing the colours was collected using a 7-day questionnaire survey. The results of laboratory analysis of food consumed by children provided data on the actual levels of the colours in food. Consumption of the colours estimated by scenario 1 in any case did not exceed the acceptable daily intakes (ADIs) of the colours in both age groups of children. For more refined colour intake (scenario 2), isolated cases exceeding the ADI were recorded for four colours, but assuming that manufacturers comply with the current legislation on MPL of colours in food, the intake of the colours assessed in scenario 2 should not be a reason for exceeding of ADIs for the target food colours.

Complications associated with traction on the hip during arthroscopy.

We studied 16 hips (eight cadaver specimens) using arthrography, arthroscopy and anatomical dissection, under incremental traction of up to a maximum of 64 kg, to determine the relationship of the portals to nearby neurovascular structures. The distance of each arthroscopic portal (anterior, anterolateral, and posterolateral) to the associated neurovascular structures was measured after the application of 23 kg of traction. Traction of up to 64 kg on the lower limb failed to produce evidence of labral or capsular injury. Furthermore, traction of 23 kg resulted in little change in the position of adjacent neurovascular structures relative to the standard arthroscopic portals.

Field trials on the prophylaxis of intramammary infections in pregnant heifers.

The study was carried out in 5 farms on 174 pregnant heifers. Clinical examination of the udder and bacteriological tests of quarter secretion were performed between the 8th and 3rd week before parturition, and then the animals were divided into a control group (64 heifers) and 3 experimental groups and immediately treated. A group of 32 experimental heifers was injected once with antioxidants (Vitamin A--600,000 i.u.; Vitamin D3--200,000 i.u.; Vitamin E--1.5 mg/kg b.w., Selenium--0.022 mg/kg b.w., i.m.). The next group (26 heads) was intramammary infused with antibiotic DC product (cloxacillin). Heifers from last experimental group (52) were injected with lysosyme dimer in a single dose of 0.02 mg/kg b.w. Clinical and bacteriological examinations were made during the first week after calving. The presence of bacteria was found in secretion of 22.6-38.9% udder quarters in 56.2-71.2% of pregnant heifers. The number of infected quarters (cows) did not change distinctly in the first week after calving except the lysozyme dimer group, where a decrease by 30% was noted. The percentage of quarters with elevated somatic cell count was higher in antibiotic DC group and closely similar in the other groups. None of examined methods showed an acceptable prophylactic effect. Clinical mastitis cases during first week after parturition were mostly caused by Escherichia coli, Staph. chromogenes, Staph. simulans, Staph. aureus, Staph. hyicus, Str. uberis, Str. acidominimus and Enterococcus faecalis.

[Surgical treatment for hallux valgus by metatarsal I osteotomy and soft tissue reconstruction in the area of the forefoot]. / Leczenie operacyjne paluchów koslawych metoda osteotomii I kosci sródstopia polaczona z zabiegami na tkankach miekkich w obrebie przodostopia.

A series of 39 surgeries for hallux valgus has been analyzed. All cases had deformity exceeding 40 degrees (mean 61 degrees). Metatarsal I osteotomy has been supplemented with soft tissue reconstruction. McBride reconstruction and second toe extensors transfer were done in 32 cases; the best results were achieved in this group of patients.

[Long term results of surgical treatment of ankle fractures with deltoid and tibio-fibular ligament tearing]. / Odlegle wyniki leczenia operacyjnego stawu skokowego z uszkodzeniem wiezadla trójgraniastego i wiezozrostu piszczelowo-strzalkowego.

A series of 63 patients with fracture of lateral malleolus combined with deltoid and tibio-fibular syndesmosis tear is presented. The assessment carried out according to Weber's criteria at least 10 years after surgical reconstruction revealed over 90 per cent of good and excellent results. After failure analysis the authors conclude, that complex ligamentous injury needs to be surgically reconstructed.

[Biomechanical studies of fibular movement as aspects of ligament injuries of the tarsal-tibia joint]. / Badania biomechaniczne ruchu strzalki w aspekcie wiezadlowych uszkodzen stawu skokowo-goleniowego.

In 10 anatomical preparations of the ankle the relations between talar and fibular movements have been studied in stable and unstable joint. An average range of fibular rotation in uninjured joint amounted to 6 degrees increasing to 13 degrees after dissecting of the anterior tibiofibular ligament and to 31 degrees after subsequent deltoid dissection.

[Long term treatment results of open malleolar fractures]. / Odlegle wyniki leczenia otwartych zlaman kostek goleni.

Twenty four cases of open malleolar fractures with minimal follow up of 8 years after surgery were reviewed. Neglecting to repair ligament injury and in 2 cases infection gave bad results of treatment in 6 cases.