[Status of nutrition and cell immunity in sportsmen-weightlifters].

The analysis of average daily nutrient intake, indexes of lipids metabolism parameters of cell immunity on 30 weightlifters and 14 individuals, who does not be engaged in sport, are carried out. Results of the present research show the imbalance in athletes diet with unfavourable ratio of proteins, fats, carbohydrates as 1:1,7:3--in women and 1:1,4:2,9--in men. Lipid storage disease include the rise of low-density lipoproteins level (in women-- 3,2 +/- 0,2; in men--3,4 +/- 0,2 (p < 0,05); in control group--2,2 +/- 0,3 mmol/l) and the fall--of high-density lipoproteins (in women--1,3 +/- 0,1; in men--0,9 +/- 0,1; p < 0,05); in control group--1,7 +/- 0,2 mmol/l). Result of disbalance in sportsmen immune system was statistically authentic decrease in an immunoregulatory index of CD4/CD8 (in women--0,89 +/- 0,08, in men--0,77 +/- 0,11; p < 0,05) at the expense of increase of the relative maintenance of cytotoxic CD3+CD8+ T-killers (in women--39,42 +/- 4,0; in men--41,28 +/- 3,28%; p < 0,05) and reduction of the T-helpers CD3+CD4+ content in peripheral blood (32,48 +/- 1,06 and 31,33 +/- 2,95%; p < 0,05) at 17% of women and 42% of male athletes owing to intense physical activities. This suggests that athletes engaging in longer periods of intensified training can exhibit an inefficiency of cell immunity. The cause of immune response decreasing can be metabolic disorders. The imbalance in athletes' diet leads to dislipoproteinemia, which play a pathogenetic role in cell immunosuppression.

[Immune dysfunction in highly skilled athletes and nutritional rehabilitation].

The present review examines the effects of strenuous and moderate exercise on various components of the immune system including humoral and cell immunity. Acute exercise have been found to affect lymphocyte subsets, immunoglobulin levels, the activity of mononuclear phagocytic system, polymorphonuclear leukocytes and cytokine levels, especially IL-1, IL-2, IL-6 and TNF. The extreme type of immune deficiency in sportsmen, in which there are not determine different isotypes of immunoglobulins, there are described as phenomenon of Ig disappearance. The immune suppression is associated with an increased risk of subclinical and clinical infection in athletes. The mechanisms immunodeficiency are multifactorial and include neuroendocrinologocal and metabolic disorders. The immunosuppression in sportsmen may be prevented by use of special diets. Although athletes need to eat a well-balanced basic diet, there are several nutritional factors that are difficult to obtain at a sufficient level from a normal diet since athletes require more nutrients than the recommended daily allowances. Thus, appropriate nutrition enrichment of special products and food supplements containing proteins, amino acids, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, probiotics is an essential prerequisite for effective improvement of athletic performance, recovery from fatigue after exercise and ward off immunodeficiency.

[Subpopulation content of lymphocytes in peripheral blood in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 and obesity].

In the present study was determined the relative quantity subpopulations of lymphocytes, activated T-lymphocytes and CD95-antigen (Fas/APO-1) expression on lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM 2) and obesity in comparison with the healthy persons. The cells were analyzed by the method of flow cytometry using Beckman Coulter FC 500 cytometer. The following of cells subsets: CD19+, CD3+, CD3+CD4+, CD3+CD8+, CD3-CD16+CD56+, CD3+CD16+CD56+, CD3+CD25+, CD3+HLA-DR+, CD45+CD95+ were investigated. In this research was establish the rise of immunoregulatory index (CD3+CD4+/CD3+CD8+) in consequence of decrease the percentages of cytotoxic T-lymphocytes in patients with DM2 and obesity in comparison with the healthy persons. In the peripheral blood of patients with DM2 and obesity were observed a greater level of activated T-lymphocytes (CD3+HLA-DR+), that reflect the increase activity of T-cell immunity. The direct correlation was found between the increased quantity of NKT-cells (CD3+CD16+CD56+) and contain of triglicerides in the peripheral blood of patients with DM2. In these patients also was noted a greater level of lymphocytes expression of CD95-antigen in comparison with the patients with obesity and healthy persons. These results suggest that immune mechanisms play the important role in pathogenesesis of DM2 and obesity.

[The cell immunity in patients with arterial hypertension and obesity].

In the present study the relative quantity subpopulations of lymphocytes, activated T- lymphocytes and CD95-antigen (Fas/APO-1) expression on lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of patients with arterial hypertension and obesity in comparison with the healthy persons was determined. The cells were analyzed by the method of flow cytometry using Beckman Coulter FC 500 cytometer. The following of cells subsets: CD19+, CD3+, CD3+CD4+, CD3+CD8+, CD3-CD16+CD56+, CD3+CD16+CD56+, CD3+CD25+, CD3+HLA-DR+, CD45+CD95+ were investigated. In this research was establish the rise of immunoregulatory index (CD3+CD4+/CD3+CD8+) in consequence of increase the percentages of T-helper and decrease the cytotoxic T-lymphocytes in patients with arterial hypertension and obesity in comparison with the healthy persons. In the peripheral blood of patients with arterial hypertension and obesity were observed a greater level of activated T-lymphocytes (CD3+CD25+, CD3+HLA-DR+), that reflect the increase activity of T-cell immunity. In these patients a greater level of NKT-cells (CD3+CD16+CD56+) and lymphocytes expression of CD95-antigen in comparison with the healthy persons also was noted. The direct correlation between the increased quantity of T-helper lymphocytes, activated T-lymphocytes, NKT-cells, lymphocytes expression of CD95-antigen, and index of body mass in patients with arterial hypertension and obesity was found.

[Mental health indices in senior schoolchildren and students].

Mental health indices were studied in a representative sample comprising young persons aged 16 to 25 years. Senior schoolchildren in their early teens were ascertained to have neurotic symptoms more frequently than students at older age. When the manifestations of mental stress were less evident, senior students at the age of 22-25 years were found to have a negative trend of social adaptive indices as their achievement dissatisfaction, frustration, and anxiety for further professional carrier and social security, which leads to interpersonal conflicts, unstable familial relations, alcoholization, and intake of psychoactive substances. The findings of the high prevalence of neurotic disorders among young individuals suggest that it is necessary to implement active psychopreventive measures.

[Endospore formation by Streptomyces avermitilis in submerged culture].

The capability of streptomycetes to form endospores during their life cycle was studied in submerged cultures of Streptomyces avermitilis. Submerged S. avermitilis spores were most intensely formed (1) during the culture development cycles on synthetic medium CP1 with glucose under phosphate limitation, and (2) in autolysing cell suspensions of high density obtained by tenfold concentration of a stationary-phase culture grown in a synthetic medium resuspended in phosphate buffer (pH 7.2) with 0.2% CaCl2. Endospores of S. avermitilis formed in submerged cultures shared the major characteristics of specialized microbial resting forms: heat resistance, resistance to lysozyme, ability to pertain to the main species-defining features, and ultrastructural organization characteristic of endospores. They can be considered a resting form of streptomycetes alternative to the spores formed exogenously on aerial mycelium in a surface culture.

[Search for A factor-dependent variants in actinomycete population]. / Poisk A-factorzavisimykh variantov v populiatsiiakh aktinomitsetov.

A study of 28 nocardia-like, asporogenous, and oligosporous spontaneous morphological variants belonging to 23 species of streptomycetes revealed five strains producing regulators of the A-factor group. Streptomyces griseus 1439, which forms aerial mycelium and spores only in the presence of exogenous A-factor was used as the test strain. Among the 28 spontaneous variants, three new A-factor-dependent strains were revealed, which represented the species Streptomyces griseus, S. citreofluorescens, and S. viridovulgaris subsp. albomarinus. These weakly differentiated variants id not produce A-factor and behaved as its recipients, responding by changes in their morphological characteristics at a concentration of this regulator in the medium of 0.01 microgram/ml and higher. The original collection strains in whose populations the variants were selected produced substances of the A-factor group. The A-factor-dependent variants differed in the level of the regulator required for maximal expression of the morphological characteristics were shown: it was necessary to introduce the A-factor at a concentration of 1 microgram/ml for S. citreofluorescens and S. viridovulgaris subsp. albomarinus and at 10 micrograms/ml for S. griseus.

[Validation, development and biomedical evaluation of new food products for common and special use]. / Obosnovanie, razrabotka i mediko-biologicheskaia otsenka novykh produktov massovogo, lechbnogo i spetsial'nogo naznacheniia.

Low level of provision of various population groups with animal proteins, poor choice of foodstuffs for common and dietetic use, inefficiency of meat and milk processing, loss of foodstuff quality as a result of industrial production determine the range of priority problems to be solved by specialists in nutrition hygiene. One of the main and most rapid approaches to solution of these problems is more rational utilization of the foodstuff potential created in the country for nutrition, but the chemical, sensory, and organoleptic properties of the manufactured foodstuffs do not always ensure their high biological value. Department of Hygiene of Nutrition, I. M. Setchenov Moscow Medical Academy, for many years has been engaged in development of biomedical rationale for effective use of raw material and processing protocols for preparation of common and dietetic food for various population groups. Special attention was paid to the effects of food-stuffs prepared by new technologies and recipes on metabolism. The most important results are summed up in this review.

[Taxonomic study of five streptomycete species with synonymous names from the ISP collection]. / Taksonomicheskoe izuchenie piati kul'tur streptomitsetov--mezhdunarodnykh vidovykh étalonov (ISP).

The taxonomic investigation of five streptomycete species with synonymous names from the International Streptomyces Project (ISP) collection was carried out using the methods of population analysis, DNA-DNA hybridization, and multilocus DNA fingerprinting. Only two species with synonymous names, S. alboviridis ISP 5326 and S. oligocarbophilus ISP 5589, were found to be actually identical. Three other species investigated, S. krainskii ISP 5321, S. craterifer ISP 5296, and S. anulatus ISP 5361, whose names are usually referred to as synonymous, were shown to be different species.

[Late postoperative purulent complications]. / Pozdnie gnoinye posleoperatsionnye oslozhneniia.

557 case records of patients with late postoperative purulent complications (LPC), admitted to department of purulent infection during 10 years were studied (4% of total number of operated patients). The mean duration of hospitalization period of rehospitalized patients made up 14.2 bed days. Mortality rate was 0.4%. 70% of patients with LPC were people of working age. 3 groups of patients were singled out regarding the time after the operation until readmission: group 1 (38.5%) 1 month since the discharge of the patients; group 2 (31.5%) up to 12 months; group 3 (30%) more than 1 year after. In group 1 purulent infection of the wounds predominated, in group 2--infiltrates and mattery fistulas, in group 3--ligature-fistulas, infiltrates of abdominal cavity. LPC after appendectomy was observed in 53% of cases. Among complications purulent infection predominated (60%). 75.8% of patients with LPC needed surgery.

[Hydrolyzing ability of yeast proteases in relation to protein substrates]. / Gidrolizuiushchaia sposobnost' drozhzhevykh proteaz po otnosheniiu k bolkovym substratam.

The possibility of use of brewer's yeast as multienzymatic preparations for hydrolyzing of animal blood proteins was demonstrated. The kinetic characteristics of hydrolysis of blood proteins by activated brewer's yeast mass and neutral proteinase from Bacillus subtilis 102 and the activation energies were estimated. Brewer's yeast biomass may be used as a source of enzymes of broad substrate specificity and noncontiguous amino acids, in particular, isoleucine, to increase the biological efficiency of blood proteins by 15-30%.

[Evaluation and correction of the nutrition of children in a region contaminated as a result of the Chernobyl power plant accident]. / Otsenka i korrektsiia pitaniia detskogo naseleniia v raione, postradavshem ot avarii na Chernobylskoi AES.

Nutrition of 2 children groups aged 9 to 10 years and 14 to 15 years in the zone of Chernobyl accident was studied during 1 year in spring, summer and autumn with the help of questionnaires. Nutrition of children was appreciated as unsatisfactory. Structure of foodstuffs and their quantity are insufficient. Recommendations for improvement of children nutrition were developed.

[Food habits of the population in ecologically unfavorable regions]. / Sostoianie pitaniia naseleniia, prozhivaiushchego na ékologicheski neblagopriiatnoi territorii.

Nutrition of population living on the territory polluted after the Chernobyl accident is unsatisfactory. Structure of nutrition is inadequate, vitamin quantity insufficient. Recommendations on improvement of population nutrition are given.

Detection and identification of novel actinomycetes.

The actinomycetes are well known as a group of filamentous, Gram-positive bacteria that produce many useful secondary metabolites, including antibiotics and enzymes. Although they have been intensively studied for both theoretical and practical objectives, there is much scope for developing our basic knowledge of the means of detection and isolation of these microbes. This session concentrated on new methods for the detection and identification of novel actinomycetes from a range of environments. Approaches to the detection of actinomycetes ranged from investigations of neglected habitats and extreme environments (e.g. alkaline soils and oil drills) to the analysis of DNA extracted from the environment and use of specific phages. The continuing problems of the identification of actinomycete isolates were also considered. Topics discussed included use of phage typing, DNA probes, and correlation between phenetic and genotypic species of Streptomyces.

[The properties of cell wall hydrolysates of Streptococcus group A]. / Svoistva gidrolizatov kletochnoi stenki streptokokka gruppy A.

Products obtained from lysis in the cell wall of group A streptococcus have been studied in different growth phases: at the end of the exponential phase and in the stationary one. Endo-beta-N-acetylmuramidase extracted from the culture liquid of Streptomyces levoris 96 has been used for lysis of streptococcus. It is stated that streptococcus cell walls isolated at different growth stages differ in the protein and polysaccharide content. High content of protein in the cell wall of a young culture makes lower the initial rate of the walls' hydrolysis by endo-beta-N-acetylmuramidase. However, with the enzyme penetration into peptidoglycan the rate of hydrolysis of cell walls gets higher and after four-hour incubation the lysis degree of walls of the 16- and 8-hour cultures reaches the equal value (63%). Studies in the protein composition of lysates of the streptococcus cell walls have shown that they contain at least 12 proteins most of which are acid and neutral ones.

Intrapopulation variability of antibiotic biosynthesis in streptomycetes.

Spontaneous variants making up parallel series of hereditary variability inside the populations of antibiotic-producing actinomycetes differ in the level of their antibiotic activity. As a rule, spontaneous variants of the basic type possess the highest antibiotic activity. Other variants representing parallel series have a lower activity level. This raises the possibility to carry out a directed selection of previously known active colonies from populations on the basis of their easily discernible morphological properties. It enhances the efficiency of selection work both in the case of stabilization of the level of antibiotic activity and in the case of obtaining more productive commercial strains.