Fast scanning of illegal oil discharges for forensic identification: a case study of Turkish coasts.

Increasing marine traffic, over 55,000 ships visit per year, through the Turkish Straits System and the Sea of Marmara, produces a yearly average of 12 illegal oil discharges. This paper documents the comparison of chemical fingerprints of spilled oil with suspected sources of oils for identifying the source of illegal pollution in Turkey's seas. Fingerprinting is initiated by comparison of the synchronous fluorescence spectra (Δ=20 or 15 nm) of fugitive and suspected source oils. Potential matches of the spectra/chromatogram are confirmed or rejected by subsequent comparison of Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR), high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography with a flame ionisation detector (GC-FID) analysis results. In this study, 39 clean sea waters, 41 polluted sea waters and 111 suspected samples were analysed. According to the comparison of the suspected source sample and polluted sea water sample spectra by using spectrofluorometric analysis, 76 suspected source samples were categorised as non-match whilst 35 suspected samples were classified as match or probable match. Then, match and probable match samples were analysed by using further selected chromatographic methods. Finally, 28 suspected source samples were confirmed as a match, enabling legal proceedings to be initiated.

Aerobic and anaerobic bioprocessing of activated sludge: floc disintegration by enzymes.

Hydrolytic enzymes such as glucosidases, lipases, and proteases have an imperative function at the hydrolysis stage of complex organic structures in the degradation of biodegradable particulate organic matter. As a key factor, extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) control the extracellular hydrolytic enzymes in this degradation mechanism. A flocculated matrix of EPS bridging with bacteria holds back the dewaterability properties of the bioprocessed sludges. Disruption of the flocculated matrix leads to improved solubilization of sludge solids by attacking the hydrolytic enzymes to polymeric substances forming enzyme-substrate complexes. To determine the floc disintegration mechanisms by enzymes during aerobic and anaerobic bioprocessing of sludges, experimental data obtained from three aerobic digesters and three anaerobic digesters were evaluated. As part of a broader project examining the overall fate and effects of hydrolytic enzymes in biological sludge stabilization, this paper compares the performances of aerobic and anaerobic reactors used in this study and reports significant improvements in enzymatic treatment of activated sludge.