Retinoic acid 4-hydroxylase inducibility and clinical response to isotretinoin in patients with acne.

BACKGROUND: The cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzyme CYP26 (retinoic acid [RA] 4-hydroxylase) initiates the catabolism of all-trans RA (tRA) and limits the effects of tRA. The CYP26 enzyme acts specifically on tRA, but not 13-cis RA (isotretinoin), a retinoid used to treat severe acne. However, 13-cis RA can isomerize to tRA, which can then be metabolized by CYP26. OBJECTIVE: In healthy individuals, we assessed the variability of CYP26 enzymatic activity. We then investigated whether response to oral 13-cis RA among patients with acne correlates with variability in CYP26 expression. METHODS: In healthy individuals, we isolated microsomal fractions from the epidermis of keratome biopsy specimens and measured CYP26 enzymatic activity in untreated skin and skin treated with tRA. Enzymatic activity was determined based on rate of formation of 4-hydroxy RA (pg/min/mg microsomal protein). Using real-time polymerase chain reaction we quantified CYP26 messenger RNA induction after tRA application in patients with acne who responded or did not respond to one course of 13-cis RA. RESULTS: In normal-appearing skin (N = 118), CYP26 enzymatic activity was widely variable (1-180 pg/min/mg microsomal fraction; mean 42.7 +/- 3.5). Furthermore, CYP26 enzymatic activity was inducible in a dose-dependent manner in normal-appearing skin after tRA application, but not correlated with age or sex (N = 29). In patients with acne, CYP26 messenger RNA induction after 0.1% tRA application did not differ (P > .05) between patients who responded (N = 8, 587 +/- 325-fold) or did not respond (N = 8, 657 +/- 227-fold) to one course of 13-cis RA. LIMITATIONS: The small number of patients with acne treated with 13-cis RA was a major limitation. CONCLUSION: Factors other than CYP26 activity may determine response to isotretinoin in acne.

Improvement of naturally aged skin with vitamin A (retinol).

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of topical retinol (vitamin A) in improving the clinical signs of naturally aged skin. DESIGN: Randomized, double-blind, vehicle-controlled, left and right arm comparison study. SETTING: Academic referral center. PATIENTS: The study population comprised 36 elderly subjects (mean age, 87 years), residing in 2 senior citizen facilities. INTERVENTION: Topical 0.4% retinol lotion or its vehicle was applied at each visit by study personnel to either the right or the left arm, up to 3 times a week for 24 weeks. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Clinical assessment using a semiquantitative scale (0, none; 9, most severe) and biochemical measurements from skin biopsy specimens obtained from treated areas. RESULTS: After 24 weeks, an intent-to-treat analysis using the last-observation-carried-forward method revealed that there were significant differences between retinol-treated and vehicle-treated skin for changes in fine wrinkling scores (-1.64 [95% CI, -2.06 to -1.22] vs -0.08 [95% CI, -0.17 to 0.01]; P<.001). As measured in a subgroup, retinol treatment significantly increased glycosaminoglycan expression (P = .02 [n = 6]) and procollagen I immunostaining (P = .049 [n = 4]) compared with vehicle. CONCLUSIONS: Topical retinol improves fine wrinkles associated with natural aging. Significant induction of glycosaminoglycan, which is known to retain substantial water, and increased collagen production are most likely responsible for wrinkle effacement. With greater skin matrix synthesis, retinol-treated aged skin is more likely to withstand skin injury and ulcer formation along with improved appearance.