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1.
Dev Psychol ; 57(7): 1025-1041, 2021 Jul.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34435820

RESUMO

We extend decades of research on infants' visual processing by examining their eye gaze during viewing of natural scenes. We examined the eye movements of a racially diverse group of 4- to 12-month-old infants (N = 54; 27 boys; 24 infants were White and not Hispanic, 30 infants were African American, Asian American, mixed race and/or Hispanic) as they viewed images selected from the MIT Saliency Benchmark Project. In general, across this age range infants' fixation distributions became more consistent and more adult-like, suggesting that infants' fixations in natural scenes become increasingly more systematic. Evaluation of infants' fixation patterns with saliency maps generated by different models of physical salience revealed that although over this age range there was an increase in the correlations between infants' fixations and saliency, the amount of variance accounted for by salience actually decreased. At the youngest age, the amount of variance accounted for by salience was very similar to the consistency between infants' fixations, suggesting that the systematicity in these youngest infants' fixations was explained by their attention to physically salient regions. By 12 months, in contrast, the consistency between infants was greater than the variance accounted for by salience, suggesting that the systematicity in older infants' fixations reflected more than their attention to physically salient regions. Together these results show that infants' fixations when viewing natural scenes becomes more systematic and predictable, and that predictability is due to their attention to features other than physical salience. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).


Assuntos
Fixação Ocular , Percepção Visual , Adulto , Idoso , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Cognição , Movimentos Oculares
2.
Appl Neuropsychol Child ; 9(2): 106-115, 2020.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30583704

RESUMO

This study aimed inhibition mechanisms of auditory processing in the group with autistic features. Thirty-two children (autistic group = 16, typically developing [TD] group = 16) received neuropsychological tests, IQ test and experimental tasks. Both groups showed similar performances except the processing speed index. The results showed that the group with autistic features had less inhibition of return (IOR) than the TD group. However, we did not get a statistically significant group difference in the auditory Go-NoGo task. These results might be attributed to a ceiling effect due to an adjustment failure of a difficulty level instead of showing that the group with autistic features would have intact inhibitory or pitch discriminative function problems. In conclusion, this study showed that the group with autistic features could have an inhibitory processing difficulty in both auditory and visual IOR tasks even when their general cognitive functions are relatively intact. This study presented a possibility that the group with autistic features might have a basic inhibitory function problem, but these findings should be investigated in the further study with enough samples. In addition, we are going to revise the auditory Go-NoGo task and verify the feasibility as a tool to detect ASD in an early stage in the following study.


Assuntos
Percepção Auditiva/fisiologia , Transtorno do Espectro Autista/fisiopatologia , Inibição Psicológica , Criança , Feminino , Humanos , Testes de Inteligência , Masculino , Testes Neuropsicológicos , Comportamento Problema
3.
J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry ; 58(10): 1004-1015, 2019 10.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30851395

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: Unusual eye contact is a common clinical feature in autism spectrum disorder (ASD), yet eye-tracking studies that quantify eye fixation report inconsistent results, possibly because of small samples, varied stimuli, and considerable heterogeneity of eye-region fixation even within typical development. Goals were to examine eye-region fixation levels in a large, very young cohort; the degree to which the presence of speech, hand gestures, and a geometric distractor influence eye-region fixation; and possible developmental changes across time. METHOD: In experiment 1, 385 toddlers (143 with ASD, 242 without ASD, 11-47 months old) watched an actress engaging in child-directed speech with hand gestures against a plain background. Ninety-one toddlers participated approximately 8 months later. In experiment 2, another 231 toddlers (74 with ASD, 157 without ASD, 12-47 months old) watched the same video, but with embedded geometric distractors. Total fixation duration on facial and body regions (eg, eyes, hands) and geometric distractor regions (experiment 2 only) while the actress was speaking or silent, with or without gesturing, was examined, as were relations with clinical traits. RESULTS: Overall, across the 2 experiments and the 2 cross-sectional and longitudinal samples, eye-region fixation duration did not differ between toddlers with and without ASD, although fixation toward the face overall was decreased in toddlers with ASD. This decrease became more apparent with the presence of geometric distractors (experiment 2) as indexed by a geometric preference score, and this score was associated with autism severity. CONCLUSION: Within the context of viewing child-friendly vignettes, decreased eye-region fixation does not reliably characterize toddlers with ASD. An index of competition between faces and external distractors might be a more robust measure.


Assuntos
Transtorno do Espectro Autista/diagnóstico , Fixação Ocular , Percepção Visual , Atenção , Transtorno do Espectro Autista/fisiopatologia , Pré-Escolar , Estudos Transversais , Medições dos Movimentos Oculares , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Estudos Longitudinais , Masculino , Escalas de Graduação Psiquiátrica
4.
Cognition ; 180: 182-190, 2018 11.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30055339

RESUMO

Learning through physical action with mathematical manipulatives is an effective way to help children acquire new ideas and concepts. Gesture is a type of physical action, but it differs from other kinds of actions in that it does not involve interacting directly with external objects. As such, gesture provides an interesting comparison to action-on-objects and allows us to identify the circumstances under which gesture versus interaction with objects (and the associated effects on the external world) may be differentially beneficial to learning. In the current study, we ask whether individual differences in first grade children's prior knowledge about a foundational mathematical concept - their understanding of linear units of measure - might interact with their ability to glean insight from action- and gesture-based instruction. We find that the children using a more rudimentary pretest strategy did not benefit from producing gestures at all, but did benefit from producing actions. In contrast, children using a more conceptually advanced, though still incorrect, strategy at pretest learned from both actions and gestures. This interaction between conceptual knowledge and movement type (action or gesture) emphasizes the importance of considering individual differences in children's prior knowledge when assessing the efficacy of movement-based instruction.


Assuntos
Desenvolvimento Infantil/fisiologia , Comportamento de Escolha/fisiologia , Gestos , Aprendizagem/fisiologia , Desempenho Psicomotor/fisiologia , Criança , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Distribuição Aleatória
5.
Dev Psychol ; 52(4): 537-55, 2016 Apr.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26866728

RESUMO

Four experiments examined how faces compete with physically salient stimuli for the control of attention in 4-, 6-, and 8-month-old infants (N = 117 total). Three computational models were used to quantify physical salience. We presented infants with visual search arrays containing a face and familiar object(s), such as shoes and flowers. Six- and 8-month-old infants looked first and longest at faces; their looking was not strongly influenced by physical salience. In contrast, 4-month-old infants showed a visual preference for the face only when the arrays contained 2 items and the competitor was relatively low in salience. When the arrays contained many items or the only competitor was relatively high in salience, 4-month-old infants' looks were more often directed at the most salient item. Thus, over ages of 4 to 8 months, physical salience has a decreasing influence and faces have an increasing influence on where and how long infants look.


Assuntos
Atenção/fisiologia , Desenvolvimento Infantil/fisiologia , Face , Fixação Ocular/fisiologia , Reconhecimento Visual de Modelos/fisiologia , Análise de Variância , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Comportamento do Lactente , Masculino , Estimulação Luminosa , Fatores de Tempo
6.
Child Dev ; 85(2): 564-77, 2014.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24003841

RESUMO

Infants' visual short-term memory (VSTM) for simple objects undergoes dramatic development: Six-month-old infants can store in VSTM information about only a simple object presented in isolation, whereas 8-month-old infants can store information about simple objects presented in multiple-item arrays. This study extended this work to examine the development of infants' VSTM for complex objects during this same period (N = 105). Using the simultaneous streams change detection paradigm, Experiment 1 confirmed the previous developmental trajectory between 6 and 8 months. Experiment 2 showed that doubling the exposure time did not enhance 6-month-old infants' change detection, demonstrating that the developmental change is not due to encoding speed. Thus, VSTM for simple and complex objects appears to follow the same developmental trajectory.


Assuntos
Memória de Curto Prazo/fisiologia , Reconhecimento Visual de Modelos/fisiologia , Análise de Variância , Atenção , Desenvolvimento Infantil/fisiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Satisfação Pessoal , Fatores de Tempo
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