RESUMO
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a frequently occurring event in childhood that may have significant ongoing effects. Little is known about the child and family characteristics that predispose children to these injuries. A greater understanding of the risk factors associated with childhood TBI may provide an opportunity to prevent their occurrence. METHODS: Information provided by a large birth cohort study (n=1265) was used to determine the child and family risk factors of TBI in children aged 0-15 years (n=187). All information regarding child, family, and injury events were collected prospectively and unrelated to the injury event itself. Child variables included in the analysis were sex and the level of behavioural problems. Parental variables included were family socioeconomic status, mother's age, education level, depressive symptoms, number of adverse life events experienced by the family, and parenting style. RESULTS: The most important risk factors were sex, adverse life events, and parenting style. The results suggest evidence of modest increases in the rate of TBI for those in the highest risk categories (male, >or=4 life events per annum, high maternal punitiveness) compared to the lowest risk categories, with hazard ratios in the region of 1.4-1.6. CONCLUSIONS: Overall characteristics of both the family and child predicted a TBI event. An increased understanding of risks associated with TBI in childhood will provide an avenue to prevent these injuries by targeting at-risk families and aiding the development of appropriate intervention strategies.
Assuntos
Lesões Encefálicas/etiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Lesões Encefálicas/epidemiologia , Lesões Encefálicas/prevenção & controle , Criança , Transtornos do Comportamento Infantil/complicações , Transtornos do Comportamento Infantil/epidemiologia , Filho de Pais com Deficiência , Pré-Escolar , Depressão/epidemiologia , Métodos Epidemiológicos , Características da Família , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , Idade Materna , Nova Zelândia/epidemiologia , Poder Familiar , Fatores Sexuais , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Adulto JovemRESUMO
We used immunohistochemistry to localize vesicular glutamate transporters VGLUT1 and VGLUT2 in the rat lateral geniculate nucleus. The lateral geniculate nucleus is intensely immunoreactive for both transporters. Monocular eye removal abolished staining for VGLUT2 in a pattern corresponding to the distribution of terminals from the missing eye, without affecting distribution of VGLUT1 immunoreactivity. These data indicate retinal ganglion cells are the source of VGLUT2-containing synapses in the lateral geniculate nucleus.