[PHENOTYPIC POLYMORPHISM OF N-ACETYLTRANSFERASE 2 IN PATIENTS WITH DIABETES MELLITUS].

Polymorphism of N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2) determines the risk of certain diseases and the rate of inactivation of various xenobiotics and drugs. We investigated phenotypic polymorphism of N-acetyltransferase 2 among 141 healthy subjects and 115 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. An analysis of the distribution of genetic determinants, depending on the acetylation status, was carried out. The bimodal distribution of the phenotypic polymorphism of NAT 2 activity was revealed among diabetic patients and healthy individuals. There was no gender difference in NAT2 activity in both groups of subjects. Genetic analysis showed a prevalence of brown-eyed diabetic patients compared to blue-eyed persons among fast acetylators. Among diabetic patients prevailed subjects with dimples on the chin and cheeks and the enlarged ear lobe as well as the reduced proportion of patients with the ability to twist the tongue into a tube compared to healthy individuals. There was a significantly increased proportion of black-haired persons among diabetic patients compared to healthy individuals. Acetylation phenotype prediction scale developed was developed, which allows determining the acetylator status without biochemical intervention, but using anthropometric indicators.

[NON-CARDIAL EFFECTS OF SGLT2 INHIBITORS (REVIEW)].

The article reveals the efficacy and safety aspects of a new class of antidiabetic drugs - SGLT2 inhibitors. The results of clinical and experimental studies of the principle of renal glucose reabsorption inhibition usage in the treatment of type 2 diabetes are presented in the article. Drugs of this class offer a new, non-insulin-dependent mechanism of action, lack of negative effect on body weight, favorable pharmacokinetic properties and good tolerance. However, data, requiring further more detailed analysis, were found, namely: a glucosuria as a risk factor for genitourinary system infections, increased levels of blood creatinine, increased urinary calcium excretion, ketogenesis. Also nephrogenic and cancer effects need more detailed analysis according to the ratio of risk/benefit.

[THE COMPLEX ESTIMATE OF THE RHIZOBIUM NODULATION ABILITY AND THE FEATURES OF SOYBEAN SYMBIOTIC SYSTEMS FORMATION AT THE MICROBIAL COMPOSITIONS SEED INOCULATION].

The features of the soybean symbiotic systems formation and carry out the complex es- timate of the rhizobium nodulation ability at the seed inoculation of the microbial composi- tions on the bases of nodule bacteria, azotobacter and phytolectins (soybean seeds lectin, wheat germ agglutinin) were studied in the green-house experiments with a soil cultures. It was shown, that complex inoculants accelerate the process of becoming infected of plants by rhizobia in the early stages of soybean development; contribute to the expansion of the spectrum of genetically determined ability of nodule bacteria in the formation of a certain number of nodules on the host plant during the growing season as well as the formation of more root nodules with more of their weight during the second half of the growing season of soybean and significant increase mass of the one nodule and also slow the root nodules aging process at the end of the growing season compared with a rhizobial monoinoculant. It was proposed to use a complex of criteria in the estimating of the rhizobia nodulation ability in the microbial compositions: "nodulation activity", "nodulation range", "the num- ber of nodules on the plant", "mass of nodules per plant", "mass of one nodule", which are indicative for different stages of the symbiosis formation.

[SCREENING AND SELECTION OF THE SOIL MICROORGANISMS ON THE ABILITY OF "NITROGEN-FIXING ACTIVITY"].

The isolates of microorganisms from the rhizosphere of spring barley plants and soil at the use of analytical selection method was isolated. Its isolates on the ability of "nitrogen-fixing activity" was tested. It was shown that isolates of microorganisms had different of the colonies formed and cultural growth on the Eshbi's selective medium as well as the ability to fixing of molecular nitrogen. The different levels of intensity and dynamics of isolates nitrogenase activity in vitro were identified. New isolates of the soil microorganisms complement of the gene pool diazotrophic bacteria. Its isolates are perspectivity for the study as the basis or components of the bacterial fertilizers for the crops.

[Effect of presowing treatment of spring wheat seeds with wheat germ agglutinin on the chlorophyll content, lectin activity in leaves and nitrogen-fixing capacity of rhizospheric microorganisms].

The response of spring wheat and rhizospheric nitrogen-fixing micro-organisms to the presowing treatment of seeds by wheat germ agglutinin was investigated in conditions of green house experiments. It was shown, that exogenous lectin induced the metabolic changes in plants and caused an increase in chlorophyll content and activity of endogenous lectins in the leaves, as well as enhanced accumulation of plants biomass and nitrogen-fixing capacity of the rhizospheric micro-organisms. These results evidence for the considerable role of exogenous lectin as a regulator of growth and development of plants and activity of the nitrogen-fixing microorganisms.

[Effect of phytoregulator reglag on symbiotic properties of Bradyrhizobium japonicum 634b].

The influence of inoculation compositions on the basis of nodule bacteria Bradyrhizobium japonicum 634b and phytohormonal plant preparation Reglalg on formation, functioning and productivity of soybean-rhisobium symbiosis was studied in the vegetation and field experiments. It was shown, that the phytohormonal component of the composition increases the nodulation and nitrogenase activity of the Bradyrhizobium japonicum 634b and effectiveness of the symbiotic system.

Dosimetry for a study of low-dose radiation cataracts among Chernobyl clean-up workers.

A cohort of 8,607 Ukrainian Chernobyl clean-up workers during 1986-1987 was formed to study cataract formation after ionizing radiation exposure. Study eligibility required the availability of sufficient exposure information to permit the reconstruction of doses to the lens of the eye. Eligible groups included civilian workers, such as those who built the "sarcophagus" over the reactor, Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant Workers, and military reservists who were conscripted for clean-up work. Many of the official doses for workers were estimates, because only a minority wore radiation badges. For 106 military workers, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) measurements of extracted teeth were compared with the recorded doses as the basis to adjust the recorded gamma-ray doses and provide estimates of uncertainties. Beta-particle doses to the lens were estimated with an algorithm devised to take into account the nature and location of Chernobyl work, time since the accident, and protective measures taken. A Monte Carlo routine generated 500 random estimates for each individual from the uncertainty distributions of the gamma-ray dose and of the ratio of beta-particle to gamma-ray doses. The geometric mean of the 500 combined beta-particle and gamma-ray dose estimates for each individual was used in the data analyses. The median estimated lens dose for the cohort was 123 mGy, while 4.4% received >500 mGy.

Cataracts among Chernobyl clean-up workers: implications regarding permissible eye exposures.

The eyes of a prospective cohort of 8,607 Chernobyl clean-up workers (liquidators) were assessed for cataract at 12 and 14 years after exposure. The prevalence of strictly age-related cataracts was low, as expected (only 3.9% had nuclear cataracts at either examination), since 90% of the cohort was younger than 55 years of age at first examination. However, posterior subcapsular or cortical cataracts characteristic of radiation exposure were present in 25% of the subjects. The data for Stage 1 cataracts, and specifically for posterior subcapsular cataracts, revealed a significant dose response. When various cataract end points were analyzed for dose thresholds, the confidence intervals all excluded values greater than 700 mGy. Linear-quadratic dose-response models yielded mostly linear associations, with weak evidence of upward curvature. The findings do not support the ICRP 60 risk guideline assumption of a 5-Gy threshold for "detectable opacities" from protracted exposures but rather point to a dose-effect threshold of under 1 Gy. Thus, given that cataract is the dose-limiting ocular pathology in current eye risk guidelines, revision of the allowable exposure of the human visual system to ionizing radiation should be considered.

[Effect of exogenous lectin on the endogenous lectin and antioxidant enzymes activity and flavonoid content in wheat].

The presawing treatment of wheat seeds by lectin specific to the plant and its compositions with gapten and nitrogen fixation bacteria on the change in enzyme activity of antioxidant system of plant protection (peroxydase and katalase), endogenous lectin activity and flavonoid content in wheat leaves was studied in vegetation experiments. It is shown, that different biochemical links of protection plant system are activated, i.e. lectin activity in leaves increases 1.3 to 1.5 times, peroxydase activity and katalase activity rises 1.5 times and 5.0 to 8.0 times respectively and flavonoide content in leaves of vegetating plants increases under normal conditions of plant growth at the influence of factors of lectin nature.

[Change of the wheat lectin activity and degree of its interaction with different components of compositions of lectin nature].

The wheat lectin hemagglutination activity and degree of its interaction with the bacterium Azotobacter chroococcum T79 and aminosaccharide N-acetyl-D-glucosamin hapten of wheat lectin was studied in laboratory experiments with the purpose of creation of biologic activity compositions of lectin nature for plant growing. It was shown that plant-bacterial compositions encloses the "bacteria+lectin" complex, free lectin and bacterial cells. The addition of aminosaccharide N-acetyl-D-glucosamin to wheat lectin, to the bacterial culture and plant-bacterial composition decreases its hemagglutination activity. The possibility of creation of new complexes in this compositions effected by hapten "lectin+hapten", "lectin+hapten+bacteria", "bacteria+hapten" is under discussion.

[Effect of exogenous specific lectin on lectin activity in the wheat seedlings and leaves].

The effect of presowing treatment of wheat seeds by exogenous wheat lectin on endogenous activity of lectin as well as on RNA content in vegetative organs of wheat was investigated. The variability of lectin activity in the seedling and leaves of wheat plants was obtained. Both endogenous activity of lectin and RNA amount increase under the effect of exogenous lectin. This effect was partially inhibited by the hapten of the wheat lectin. The possibility of induction of modifications in both endogenous lectin pool and functional activity of plant genome by exogenous lectin is under discussion.