Landscape scale ecology of Tetracladium spp. fungal root endophytes.

BACKGROUND: The genus Tetracladium De Wild. (Ascomycota) has been traditionally regarded as a group of Ingoldian fungi or aquatic hyphomycetes-a polyphyletic group of phylogenetically diverse fungi which grow on decaying leaves and plant litter in streams. Recent sequencing evidence has shown that Tetracladium spp. may also exist as root endophytes in terrestrial environments, and furthermore may have beneficial effects on the health and growth of their host. However, the diversity of Tetracladium spp. communities in terrestrial systems and the factors which shape their distribution are largely unknown. RESULTS: Using a fungal community internal transcribed spacer amplicon dataset from 37 UK Brassica napus fields we found that soils contained diverse Tetracladium spp., most of which represent previously uncharacterised clades. The two most abundant operational taxonomic units (OTUs), related to previously described aquatic T. furcatum and T. maxilliforme, were enriched in roots relative to bulk and rhizosphere soil. For both taxa, relative abundance in roots, but not rhizosphere or bulk soil was correlated with B. napus yield. The relative abundance of T. furcatum and T. maxilliforme OTUs across compartments showed very similar responses with respect to agricultural management practices and soil characteristics. The factors shaping the relative abundance of OTUs homologous to T. furcatum and T. maxilliforme OTUs in roots were assessed using linear regression and structural equation modelling. Relative abundance of T. maxilliforme and T. furcatum in roots increased with pH, concentrations of phosphorus, and increased rotation frequency of oilseed rape. It decreased with increased soil water content, concentrations of extractable phosphorus, chromium, and iron. CONCLUSIONS: The genus Tetracladium as a root colonising endophyte is a diverse and widely distributed part of the oilseed rape microbiome that positively correlates to crop yield. The main drivers of its community composition are crop management practices and soil nutrients.

Above-ground parts of white grapevine Vitis vinifera cv. Furmint share core members of the fungal microbiome.

Grapevine (Vitis vinifera) is a reservoir of fungal endophytes that may affect its growth, health status and grape production. Although there is growing interest in comparing fungal communities of mainly red grape varieties across various factors using only high-throughput sequencing, the small-scale mycobiome variations in geographically close vineyards need further examination. We aimed to characterize the fungal microbiome of the above-ground tissues of V. vinifera cv. Furmint in different plant parts, seasons and sites using culture-dependent and culture-independent methods, and in planta fluorescent microscopic visualization techniques. Samples were collected from four sites of the Tokaj wine region in Mád and two reference sites in Eger, Hungary, across different seasons for 2 years. Fungal endophytes of young and mature leaves, flowers and grape bunches were collected at different phenological stages. Based on each technique, Aureobasidium pullulans, Cladosporium spp. and the complex species Alternaria alternata dominated the community at every site, season and plant organ. We found no significant difference among communities in distinct neighbouring vineyards, nor when compared with the distant reference sites. We can conclude that the different shoot parts of the Furmint grapevines harbour a common core group of fungal community in these regions.

Subjective health and ill health-related behaviour.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the relation between self-rated health measures and ill healthrelated behaviour. DESIGN: The study design was based on a self-report questionnaire taken for three consecutive years. METHOD: Path analysis was used to test the relations between (a) The Self-rated Health Scale (SRH) and the General Symptom Index (GSI) from the Symptom Checklist-90 (SCL-90), and (b) self-reports on sick leave, health care utilization and medication, in a group of 155 persons who had terminated psychotherapeutic treatment the year before our three-year panel survey. To investigate the potential moderating function of ongoing psychotherapeutic treatment, we repeated each test in a group of 152 patients in the midst of psychotherapeutic treatment. RESULTS: Only weak or zero relations were found between the self-rated health measures and ill health-related behaviour. The multi-group analyses indicated between-group differences in model fit. The few significant specific between-group differences all concerned autoregressive relations. CONCLUSIONS: Subjective health did not predict ill health-related behaviour. Ongoing psychotherapeutic treatment did not affect the predictive value of subjective health variables. The weak relations found in the current study illuminate paradoxical outcome differences between subjective well-being and ill health-related behaviour. Our findings are discussed in the light of cultural and personality factors.

Therapist attitudes and patient outcomes. III. A latent class analysis of therapists.

BACKGROUND: Previous research has reported large differences in treatment results between individual therapists practising the same type of psychotherapy, but little is as yet known about the factors explaining this variation. In previous studies the authors have found associations with therapeutic attitudes as measured by the TASC 2 scales. METHODS: A sample of 160 therapists were clustered in a non-parametric latent class (LC) regression modelling of their patients' repeated self-ratings on the SCL-90 across stages in psychotherapeutic treatment. This classification was then explored in relation to the therapists' TASC 2 scores. RESULTS: Five classes were identified differing widely in terms of the patients' outcome trajectories. Membership in these classes was significantly influenced by the therapists' scores on the TASC 2 scales. The adjustment, neutrality and artistry scales of the TASC 2 were found specifically discriminative. A discriminant analysis confirmed the findings in general. Collectively, the TASC 2 scales were able to assign 56% of the therapists to their correct latent class, in comparison with 20% by chance. CONCLUSIONS: Therapists with a psychoanalytic or eclectic orientation are systematically different in terms of the outcomes they tend to contribute to with their patients. This variation is partly accounted for by differences in their therapeutic attitudes.

TIME MATTERS: On Temporal Interactions in Long-term follow-up of Long-term Psychotherapies.

The roles of treatment duration, session frequency, and their interaction ~ere studied in a. sample of 156 patients who had terminated psychotherapy. or psychoanalysis. The outcome parameters were treatment end-state and posttreatment change with respect to symptom distress, measured by the General Symptom Index from the Symptom Checklist-90 (SCL-90); morale, as indicated by the Sense of Coherence Scale (SOCS) overall mean; and the quality of social functioning, according to the Social Adjustment Scale overall mean1 all of them taken for 3 consecutive years after termination of treatment. Growth curve modeling on the basis of covariance and mean structures yielded 5 principal results. First, outcome changed significantly after treatment termination. Second, end-state and posttreatment changes were influenced by duration and frequency but primarily in interaction. Thus, the effects of duration and frequency were conditional on each other. Third, the joint effects on end-state were ,small and on posttreatment change, small to moderate. Fourth, on the. SCL-90 and the SOCS, there were outcome reversals during the posttreatment period such that good end-states deteriorated in the long run, whereas modest end-states improved considerably. Fifth, generally, the findings seemed to favor lowduration/ low-frequency and high-duration/high-frequency treatments in this sample.