Bystander Effects and Profibrotic Interactions in Hepatic Stellate Cells during HIV and HCV Coinfection.

This study aims to explore the influence of coinfection with HCV and HIV on hepatic fibrosis. A coculture system was set up to actively replicate both viruses, incorporating CD4 T lymphocytes (Jurkat), hepatic stellate cells (LX-2), and hepatocytes (Huh7.5). LX-2 cells' susceptibility to HIV infection was assessed through measurements of HIV receptor expression, exposure to cell-free virus, and cell-to-cell contact with HIV-infected Jurkat cells. The study evaluated profibrotic parameters, including programed cell death, ROS imbalance, cytokines (IL-6, TGF-ß, and TNF-α), and extracellular matrix components (collagen, α-SMA, and MMP-9). The impact of HCV infection on LX-2/HIV-Jurkat was examined using soluble factors released from HCV-infected hepatocytes. Despite LX-2 cells being nonsusceptible to direct HIV infection, bystander effects were observed, leading to increased oxidative stress and dysregulated profibrotic cytokine release. Coculture with HIV-infected Jurkat cells intensified hepatic fibrosis, redox imbalance, expression of profibrotic cytokines, and extracellular matrix production. Conversely, HCV-infected Huh7.5 cells exhibited elevated profibrotic gene transcriptions but without measurable effects on the LX-2/HIV-Jurkat coculture. This study highlights how HIV-infected lymphocytes worsen hepatic fibrosis during HCV/HIV coinfection. They increase oxidative stress, profibrotic cytokine levels, and extracellular matrix production in hepatic stellate cells through direct contact and soluble factors. These insights offer valuable potential therapies for coinfected individuals.

The abortive SARS-CoV-2 infection of osteoclast precursors promotes their differentiation into osteoclasts.

The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has resulted in the loss of millions of lives, although a majority of those infected have managed to survive. Consequently, a set of outcomes, identified as long COVID, is now emerging. While the primary target of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the respiratory system, the impact of COVID-19 extends to various body parts, including the bone. This study aims to investigate the effects of acute SARS-CoV-2 infection on osteoclastogenesis, utilizing both ancestral and Omicron viral strains. Monocyte-derived macrophages, which serve as precursors to osteoclasts, were exposed to both viral variants. However, the infection proved abortive, even though ACE2 receptor expression increased postinfection, with no significant impact on cellular viability and redox balance. Both SARS-CoV-2 strains heightened osteoclast formation in a dose-dependent manner, as well as CD51/61 expression and bone resorptive ability. Notably, SARS-CoV-2 induced early pro-inflammatory M1 macrophage polarization, shifting toward an M2-like profile. Osteoclastogenesis-related genes (RANK, NFATc1, DC-STAMP, MMP9) were upregulated, and surprisingly, SARS-CoV-2 variants promoted RANKL-independent osteoclast formation. This thorough investigation illuminates the intricate interplay between SARS-CoV-2 and osteoclast precursors, suggesting potential implications for bone homeostasis and opening new avenues for therapeutic exploration in COVID-19.

HIV-Infected Hepatic Stellate Cells or HCV-Infected Hepatocytes Are Unable to Promote Latency Reversal among HIV-Infected Mononuclear Cells.

Due to a common mode of transmission through infected human blood, hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) co-infection is relatively prevalent. In alignment with this, HCV co-infection is associated with an increased size of the HIV reservoir in highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)-treated individuals. Hence, it is crucial to comprehend the physiological mechanisms governing the latency and reactivation of HIV in reservoirs. Consequently, our study delves into the interplay between HCV/HIV co-infection in liver cells and its impact on the modulation of HIV latency. We utilized the latently infected monocytic cell line (U1) and the latently infected T-cell line (J-Lat) and found that mediators produced by the infection of hepatic stellate cells and hepatocytes with HIV and HCV, respectively, were incapable of inducing latency reversal under the studied conditions. This may favor the maintenance of the HIV reservoir size among latently infected mononuclear cells in the liver. Further investigations are essential to elucidate the role of the interaction between liver cells in regulating HIV latency and/or reactivation, providing a physiologically relevant model for comprehending reservoir microenvironments in vivo.

HIV and gp120-induced lipid droplets loss in hepatic stellate cells contribute to profibrotic profile.

Liver fibrosis is the excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix proteins, primarily collagen, in response to liver injury caused by chronic liver diseases. HIV infection accelerates the progression of liver fibrosis in patients co-infected with HCV or HBV compared to those who are only mono-infected. The early event in the progression of liver fibrosis involves the activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), which entails the loss of lipid droplets (LD) to fuel the production of extracellular matrix components crucial for liver tissue healing. Thus, we are examining the mechanism by which HIV stimulates the progression of liver fibrosis. HIV-R5 tropic infection was unable to induce the expression of TGF-ß, collagen deposition, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), and cellular proliferation. However, this infection induced the secretion of the profibrogenic cytokine IL-6 and the loss of LD. This process involved the participation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-α and an increase in lysosomal acid lipase (LAL), along with the involvement of Microtubule-associated protein 1 A/1B-light chain 3 (LC3), strongly suggesting that LD loss could occur through acid lipolysis. These phenomena were mimicked by the gp120 protein from the R5 tropic strain of HIV. Preincubation of HSCs with the CCR5 receptor antagonist, TAK-779, blocked gp120 activity. Additionally, experiments performed with pseudotyped-HIV revealed that HIV replication could also contribute to LD loss. These results demonstrate that the cross-talk between HSCs and HIV involves a series of interactions that help explain some of the mechanisms involved in the exacerbation of liver damage observed in co-infected individuals.

Viable SARS-CoV-2 Omicron sub-variants isolated from autopsy tissues.

Introduction: Pulmonary and extrapulmonary manifestations have been described after infection with SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The virus is known to persist in multiple organs due to its tropism for several tissues. However, previous reports were unable to provide definitive information about whether the virus is viable and transmissible. It has been hypothesized that the persisting reservoirs of SARS-CoV-2 in tissues could be one of the multiple potentially overlapping causes of long COVID. Methods: In the present study, we investigated autopsy materials obtained from 21 cadaveric donors with documented first infection or reinfection at the time of death. The cases studied included recipients of different formulations of COVID-19 vaccines. The aim was to find the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in the lungs, heart, liver, kidneys, and intestines. We used two technical approaches: the detection and quantification of viral genomic RNA using RT-qPCR, and virus infectivity using permissive in vitro Vero E6 culture. Results: All tissues analyzed showed the presence of SARS-CoV-2 genomic RNA but at dissimilar levels ranging from 1.01 × 102 copies/mL to 1.14 × 108 copies/mL, even among those cases who had been COVID-19 vaccinated. Importantly, different amounts of replication-competent virus were detected in the culture media from the studied tissues. The highest viral load were measured in the lung (≈1.4 × 106 copies/mL) and heart (≈1.9 × 106 copies/mL) samples. Additionally, based on partial Spike gene sequences, SARS-CoV-2 characterization revealed the presence of multiple Omicron sub-variants exhibiting a high level of nucleotide and amino acid identity among them. Discussion: These findings highlight that SARS-CoV-2 can spread to multiple tissue locations such as the lungs, heart, liver, kidneys, and intestines, both after primary infection and after reinfections with the Omicron variant, contributing to extending knowledge about the pathogenesis of acute infection and understanding the sequelae of clinical manifestations that are observed during post-acute COVID-19.

Factores asociados al exceso de peso corporal en estudiantes universitarios en tiempos de Covid-19

Introducción: El exceso de peso corporal afecta la calidad de vida de millones de jóvenes alrededor del mundo. Objetivo : Determinar los factores asociados a la prevalencia del sobrepeso y obesidad en estudiantes universitarios en tiempos de covid-19, durante octubre a diciembre del 2020. Método : Investigación de tipo analítica, transversal. Se contó con una población de 325 estudiantes de la carrera profesional de tecnología médica y una muestra de 169 estudiantes de ambos sexos. Para calcular el sobrepeso y obesidad se empleó el índice de masa corporal y diámetro de la circunferencia de la cintura. Los factores asociados se determinaron mediante una encuesta validada por juicio de expertos. Resultados : El 49,1% de estudiantes tenían sobrepeso u obesidad, siendo las mujeres las más afectadas. El 59,0% de estudiantes con sobrepeso u obesidad presentaron riesgo elevado de obesidad abdominal. Según los hábitos alimenticios, el 97,6% de jóvenes ingería tres o más comidas diarias, 81,9% consumía alimentos ricos en carbohidratos y 54,2% comida chatarra de 1 -2 veces por semana. En relación al sedentarismo, el 71,0% de estudiantes permanecía sentado entre 5 y 8 horas al día, 67,4% dormía menos de 7 horas diarias y 57,8% no realizaba ninguna actividad física. Conclusiones: La ingesta de alimentos con alto contenido en carbohidratos, comida chatarra, horas destinadas al sueño y que permanecen sentados diariamente son los factores asociados a la alta prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad de los estudiantes en los tiempos de la Covid-19.

Introduction: excess body weight affects the quality of life of millions of young people around the world. Objective: to determine the factors associated with the prevalence of overweight and obesity in university students during COVID-19, from october to december 2020. Methods: analytical, cross-sectional research with non-experimental design. There was a population of 325 students of the professional career of medical technology and a sample of 169 students of both sexes. Body mass index and waist circumference diameter were used to calculate overweight and obesity. The associated factors were determined by means of a survey validated by expert judgment. Results: 49.1% of the students were overweight or obese, with females being the most affected. Of overweight or obese students, 59.0% were at high risk of abdominal obesity. According to eating habits, 97.6% of young people ate three or more meals per day, 81.9% consumed foods rich in carbohydrates and 54.2% consumed junk food 1 -2 times per week. In relation to sedentary lifestyle, 71.0% of students remained seated between 5 and 8 hours a day, 67.4% slept less than 7 hours a day and 57.8% did not perform any physical activity. Conclusions: the intake of food with high carbohydrate content, junk food, hours spent sleeping and sitting daily are the factors associated with the high prevalence of overweight and obesity among students during the COVID-19 period.

Actividad fagocítica y toxicidad del extracto acuoso de Schinus molle L. sobre Mus musculus BALB/c

Introducción: La medicina tradicional podría ser una alternativa segura para potenciar la inmunidad de pacientes inmunocomprometidos propensos a infecciones recurrentes. Objetivo: Evaluar la actividad fagocítica y toxicidad in vivo del extracto acuoso de Schinus molle L. en Mus musculus BALB/c. Material y Métodos: Estudio experimental que utilizó una dosis única de extracto acuoso de hojas de Schinus molle de 2000 mg/kg. La fagocitosis in vivo se determinó en 10 ejemplares de M. musculus BALB/c que cumplieron criterios de inclusión y exclusión, distribuidos aleatoria y equitativamente en los grupos control y experimental. Los especímenes del grupo experimental fueron inoculados vía intraperitoneal con 0,5 ml de suspensión de Staphylococcus aureus y 0,5 ml del extracto acuoso. Los del grupo control con 0,5 ml del mismo inóculo bacteriano y 0,5 ml de solución salina estéril. La toxicidad del extracto se evaluó por el método de las clases de toxicidad aguda en 12 ejemplares de ratones con las mismas características y cumpliendo los mismos criterios aplicados en la evaluación de la fagocitosis in vivo. Resultados: El 57,1 % de los macrófagos expuestos al extracto acuoso de S. molle presentaron importante actividad fagocítica, encontrándose una media de 21 bacterias fagocitadas por macrófago. No se evidenciaron significativamente signos ni síntomas de toxicidad en los especímenes durante los 14 días de experimentación. Conclusiones: El extracto acuoso de S. molle incrementó significativamente la fagocitosis in vivo de los macrófagos peritoneales de M. musculus BALB/c, sin evidencia de clínica de toxicidad y en ausencia de mortalidad.

Introduction: Traditional medicine could be a safe alternative to enhance the immunity of immunocompromised patients prone to recurrent infections. Objective: To evaluate the phagocytic activity and in vivo toxicity of the aqueous extract of Schinus molle L. on Mus musculus BALB/c. Material and Methods: Experimental study that used a single dose of aqueous extract of Schinus molle leaves of 2000 mg/kg. In vivo phagocytosis was determined in 10 specimens of M. musculus BALB/c that met the inclusion and exclusion criteria, which were randomly and equally distributed in the control and experimental groups. The specimens of the experimental group were inoculated intraperitoneally with 0.5 ml of Staphylococcus aureus suspension and 0.5 ml of the aqueous extract. Those of the control group were inoculated with 0.5 ml of the same bacterial inoculum and 0.5 ml of sterile saline solution. The toxicity of the extract was evaluated by the method of the acute toxicity classes in 12 specimens of mice with the same characteristics that fulfilled the same criteria applied in the evaluation of phagocytosis in vivo. Results: The results demonstrate that 57.1% of the macrophages exposed to the aqueous extract of S. molle showed significant phagocytic activity, finding an average of 21 phagocytosed bacteria per macrophage. No significant signs or symptoms of toxicity were evidenced in the specimens during the 14 days of experimentation. Conclusions: The aqueous extract of S. molle significantly increased in vivo phagocytosis of peritoneal macrophages from M. musculus BALB/c, without clinical evidence of toxicity and in the absence of mortality.

B. abortus Infection Promotes an Imbalance in the Adipocyte-Osteoblast Crosstalk Favoring Bone Resorption.

Osteoarticular injury is the most common presentation of active brucellosis in humans. Osteoblasts and adipocytes originate from mesenchymal stem cells (MSC). Since those osteoblasts are bone-forming cells, the predilection of MSC to differentiate into adipocytes or osteoblasts is a potential factor involved in bone loss. In addition, osteoblasts and adipocytes can be converted into each other according to the surrounding microenvironment. Here, we study the incumbency of B. abortus infection in the crosstalk between adipocytes and osteoblasts during differentiation from its precursors. Our results indicate that soluble mediators present in culture supernatants from B. abotus-infected adipocytes inhibit osteoblast mineral matrix deposition in a mechanism dependent on the presence of IL-6 with the concomitant reduction of Runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX-2) transcription, but without altering organic matrix deposition and inducing nuclear receptor activator ligand kß (RANKL) expression. Secondly, B. abortus-infected osteoblasts stimulate adipocyte differentiation with the induction of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPAR-γ) and CCAAT enhancer binding protein ß (C/EBP-ß). We conclude that adipocyte-osteoblast crosstalk during B. abortus infection could modulate mutual differentiation from its precursor cells, contributing to bone resorption.

Comparación de técnicas coproparasitológicas para el diagnóstico de geohelmintos intestinales en niños Lambayecanos

Los helmintos transmitidos a través del suelo pueden afectar el desempeño educativo y desenvolvimiento normal de los niños. Objetivo: comparar cinco técnicas coproparasitológicas para el diagnóstico de geohelmintos intestinales en niños lambayecanos. Métodos: estudio descriptivo de corte transversal. Se recolectaron 150 muestras de materia fecal de niños que residían en los distritos de Túcume y Lambayeque en el departamento de Lambayeque (Perú), durante el año 2021. Los niños y niñas tenían entre 4 y 12 años de edad. Previo a la recolección, se les explicó a los padres de familia y apoderados de los menores las condiciones preclínicas adecuadas. Se calculó la sensibilidad, especificidad, concordancia, valor predictivo positivo y negativo de las técnicas de Baerman, sedimentación rápida, Willis Molloy, Sheathers Sugar y examen directo de heces. Los padres y apoderados autorizaron la participación de los menores en el estudio. El estudio contó con la aprobación del comité de ética de la Universidad Nacional de Jaén. Resultados: la prevalencia geohelmintos intestinales fue del 20,7%, 19,3% y 18,0% con las técnicas de Baerman, sedimentación rápida y examen directo, respectivamente. Además, las técnicas de Baerman y de sedimentación rápida reportaron mayor sensibilidad, especificidad, valor predictivo positivo y negativo. Se obtuvo alto índice de concordancia para las técnicas de Baerman (0,894) y sedimentación rápida (0,891). Conclusiones: las técnicas de Baerman y de sedimentación rápida permitieron mayor recuperación de parásitos, respecto al examen directo. Además, las especies de geohelmintos intestinales más identificadas en niños lambayecanos fueron Ascaris lumbricoides, Hymenolepis nana y Ancilostomideos.

Helminths transmitted through the soil can affect the educational performance and normal development of children. Objective: to compare five coproparasitological techniques for the diagnosis of intestinal geohelminths in Lambayecan children. Methods: Descriptive cross-sectional study. 150 stool samples were collected from children residing in the districts of Túcume and Lambayeque in the department of Lambayeque (Peru), during the year 2021. The boys and girls included were between 4 and 12 years of age. Prior to the collection, the appropriate preclinical conditions are explained to the parents and guardians of the minors. The sensitivity, specificity, concordance, positive and negative predictive value of the Baerman, rapid sedimentation, Willis Molloy, Sheathers Sugar and direct stool examination techniques were calculated. Parents and guardians authorized the participation of minors in the study. The study was approved by the ethics committee of the National University of Jaén. Results: the prevalence of intestinal geohelminths was 20,7%, 19,3% and 18,0% with the Baerman, rapid sedimentation and direct examination techniques, respectively. In addition, the Baerman and rapid sedimentation techniques reported higher sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value. A high concordance index was obtained for the Baerman (0,894) and rapid sedimentation (0,891) techniques. Conclusions: the Baerman and rapid sedimentation techniques allowed greater recovery of parasites compared to direct stool examination. In addition, the species of intestinal geohelminths most identified in children from Lambaye were Ascaris lumbricoides, Hymenolepis nana and Ancilostomideos.

Embarazo ectópico abdominal de 23 semanas en primigestante. Reporte de caso / Abdominal ectopic pregnancy at 23 weeks prime pregnant. Case report

El embarazo ectópico abdominal es una patología poco frecuente, la cual consiste en un embarazo con implantación dentro de la cavidad abdominal y fuera del útero y sus anexos; siendo el menos frecuente de los embarazos ectópicos, y representando el 1 % de los casos. Sin embargo, cuando se presenta, la tasa de mortalidad materno-fetal es alta, por lo que representa una urgencia médica con complicaciones graves como hemorragia obstétrica. El diagnóstico requiere un alto grado de sospecha, debido a que el sangrado menstrual regular puede estar presente. Se presenta el caso de una paciente primigestante con embarazo ectópico abdominal en segundo trimestre, con manejo definitivo quirúrgico y posterior evolución materna favorable al postquirúrgico, sin embargo, con resultado perinatal adverso para el recién nacido. La importancia de este caso radica en su diagnóstico oportuno, por el cual se logró evitar complicaciones que pusieran en riesgo la vida de la paciente.

Abdominal ectopic pregnancy is a rare pathology, it is expressed by a pregnancy with implantation inside the abdominal cavity and outside the uterus and its annexes, being specifically the least frequent of ectopic pregnancies, representing 1% of cases. When it occurs, the maternal-fetal mortality rate is high1. The diagnosis requires a high degree of suspicion, due to regular menstrual bleeding may be present. It is a medical emergency with serious complications such as obstetric hemorrhage. We present the case of a prime pregnant patient with abdominal ectopic pregnancy in the second trimester with definitive surgical management, and subsequent maternal evolution favorable to post-surgery, however, with adverse perinatal outcome for the newborn. The importance of this case lies in its timely diagnosis, by which it was possible to avoid complications that put the patient's life at risk.

Conocimientos y medidas preventivas sobre arbovirosis en estudiantes universitarios de una zona endémica del Perú / Knowledge and preventive measures on arbovirus infections among university students in an endemic area of Peru / Conhecimento e medidas preventivas sobre arboviroses em estudantes universitários de uma área endêmica do Peru

RESUMEN Introducción: Las arbovirosis constituyen un grave problema sanitario en el Perú. Un mayor conocimiento y participación de la población en actividades preventivas puede minimizar su impacto. Objetivo: Evaluar el nivel de conocimientos y su relación con las medidas preventivas sobre arbovirosis en estudiantes universitarios de una zona endémica del Perú, septiembre a noviembre de 2020. Método: Se realizó un estudio observacional, transversal, correlacional y con diseño no experimental. La población estuvo conformada por 325 estudiantes de tecnología médica y la muestra por 176 estudiantes de ambos sexos. El nivel de conocimiento se categorizó en deficiente, regular y alto. Mientras que las medidas preventivas se clasificaron en adecuadas e inadecuadas. El cuestionario contenía 23 preguntas de opción múltiple, validadas por juicio de expertos. Resultados: El 69,9 % de los estudiantes presentó un nivel de conocimientos regular, observándose medidas preventivas inadecuadas en el 44,3 %. Un 92,0 % de encuestados consideró que las arbovirosis son enfermedades graves, pero solo 10,2 % reconoció el signo de alarma del zika. Las principales medidas preventivas fueron: la fumigación (50,6 %) y el uso de repelentes (49,6 %). Además, el 92,6 % de estudiantes consideró importante eliminar los criaderos de mosquitos para evitar la propagación de los arbovirus. Sin embargo, solo el 51,1 % revisó la presencia de criaderos y limpió diaria e interdiariamente su domicilio (43,8 %). Conclusiones: El nivel de conocimientos fue regular y se relacionó con medidas preventivas inadecuadas como no revisar frecuentemente la presencia de criaderos de mosquitos ni realizar limpieza en las viviendas.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Arbovirus infections are a serious health problem in Peru. Higher population awareness and their participation in preventive activities can minimize their impact. Objective: Assessment on the level of knowledge and its relationship with preventive measures concerning arbovirus infections in university students in an endemic area of Peru, September to November 2020. Method: An observational, cross-sectional, correlational and non-experimental design study was carried out. The population consisted of 325 medical technology students and the sample consisted of 176 students of both sexes. The level of knowledge was categorized as deficient, regular and high. Preventive measures were classified as adequate and inadequate. The questionnaire contained 23 multiple-choice questions, validated by expert judgment. Results: The knowledge level in 69.9% of the students was fair, and inadequate preventive measures were observed in 44.3%. The 92.0% of surveyed personnel considered the arbovirus infection as a serious disease, but only 10.2% recognized the warning sign of zika. The main preventive measures were: fumigation (50.6%) and the use of repellents (49.6%). In addition, 92.6% of students considered as an important action the act to eliminate mosquito breeding sites in order to prevent the spread of infection. However, only 51.1% checked for the presence of breeding sites and cleaned their homes on a daily and inter-daily basis (43.8%). Conclusions: The level of knowledge was regular and was related to inadequate preventive measures such as not frequently checking for the presence of mosquito breeding sites and not cleaning houses.

RESUMO Introdução: As arboviroses constituem um grave problema de saúde no Peru. Maior conhecimento e participação da população em atividades preventivas podem minimizar seu impacto. Objetivo: avaliar o nível de conhecimento e sua relação com medidas preventivas sobre arboviroses em estudantes universitários em uma área endêmica do Peru, de setembro a novembro de 2020. Método: Estudo observacional, transversal, correlacional com desenho não experimental foi realizado. A população foi composta por 325 estudantes de tecnologia médica e a amostra por 176 estudantes de ambos os sexos. O nível de conhecimento foi categorizado em deficiente, regular e alto. Enquanto as medidas preventivas foram classificadas como adequadas e inadequadas. O questionário continha 23 questões de múltipla escolha, validadas por julgamento de especialistas. Resultados: 69,9% dos alunos apresentaram nível regular de conhecimento, observando medidas preventivas inadequadas em 44,3%. 92,0% dos pesquisados consideraram que as arboviroses são doenças graves, mas apenas 10,2% reconheceram o sinal de alerta do Zika. As principais medidas preventivas foram: fumigação (50,6%) e uso de repelentes (49,6%). Além disso, 92,6% dos alunos consideraram importante eliminar os criadouros do mosquito para evitar a propagação de arboviroses. No entanto, apenas 51,1% verificaram a presença de criadouros e limparam suas casas diariamente e em dias alternados (43,8%). Conclusões: O nível de conhecimento foi regular e relacionado a medidas preventivas inadequadas, como não verificar com frequência a presença de criadouros do mosquito ou limpeza das residências.

First report of Babesia bigemina in Lama glama in a zoological garden of Veracruz, Mexico.

Zoological gardens represent specialised centres for the preservation of biological inventories and genetic diversity, allowing the recognition of multiple species in critical conservation categories. However, the close coexistence of multiple species of vertebrates that may be associated with various species of ectoparasites may be the cause of the transmission of multiple infectious agents, among which tick-borne pathogens stand out. In these areas, several animal species usually live in a small space and proximity to other wildlife, visitors and keepers. In Mexico, little is known about the disease agents transmitted by arthropods in zoological gardens. For this reason, the aim of this study was to identify the presence of Babesia/Theileria in animals maintained in captivity. As a part of a project identifying vector-borne pathogens in wildlife, 24 animals were sampled in the Miguel Angel de Quevedo zoo. Molecular identification of Babesia/Theileria was realised through amplification of a fragment of the mitochondrial cytB gene and the ribosomal 18S-rDNA. Two neotropical camelids (Lama glama) tested positive (2/3 = 66.6%) to Babesia bigemina. Our results represent the first record of B. bigemina in animals in captivity in a zoological garden in Mexico and the first finding of this haemoparasite in neotropical camelids in Mexico.

Solid-state bioprocessing of sugarcane bagasse with Auricularia fuscosuccinea for phenolic compounds extraction.

Sugarcane bagasse is a natural source of phenolic compounds. However, these compounds are bound to lignocellulose components, reducing their ability to function as good antioxidants. These linkages are hydrolyzed by enzymes like ß-glucosidases, increasing free phenolics. Auricularia is a food-grade genus capable of producing ß-glucosidases. The aim of this work was (I) to determine naturally occurring species of Auricularia and (II) to obtain phenolic compounds through the solid-state bioprocessing of sugarcane bagasse. We have successfully isolated five strains that were assigned to the taxon A. fuscosuccinea. We determined ß-glucosidase activity by fluorescence plate assay of the five isolated strains and adjusted an optimal temperature for mycelial growth at 30 °C. A. fuscosuccinea LBM 243 was chosen for solid-state bioprocessing of sugarcane bagasse. ß-glucosidase activity (12.2 ± 0.62 U l-1) and protein content (51.58 ± 6.26 mg l-1) were highest on day 20 of culture. The maximum value of total phenolic content (507.5 ± 9.05 mg l-1) was obtained at day 20 and antioxidant capacity (34.44% ± 11.20) was highest at day 10, both in ethanolic extracts. The best performance of ethanol against methanol extraction in this work is highlighted considering ethanol to be a safe, efficient, and low-cost solvent.

Proinflammatory Microenvironment During Kingella kingae Infection Modulates Osteoclastogenesis.

Kingella kingae is an emerging pathogen that causes septic arthritis, osteomyelitis, and bacteremia in children from 6 to 48 months of age. The presence of bacteria within or near the bone is associated with an inflammatory process that results in osteolysis, but the underlying pathogenic mechanisms involved are largely unknown. To determine the link between K. kingae and bone loss, we have assessed whether infection per se or through the genesis of a pro-inflammatory microenvironment can promote osteoclastogenesis. For that purpose, we examined both the direct effect of K. kingae and the immune-mediated mechanism involved in K. kingae-infected macrophage-induced osteoclastogenesis. Our results indicate that osteoclastogenesis is stimulated by K. kingae infection directly and indirectly by fueling a potent pro-inflammatory response that drives macrophages to undergo functional osteoclasts via TNF-α and IL-1ß induction. Such osteoclastogenic capability of K. kingae is counteracted by their outer membrane vesicles (OMV) in a concentration-dependent manner. In conclusion, this model allowed elucidating the interplay between the K. kingae and their OMV to modulate osteoclastogenesis from exposed macrophages, thus contributing to the modulation in joint and bone damage.

Actividad antibacteriana in vitro del extracto hidroetanólico de Myrciaria dubia (Kunth) McVaugh (camu camu) sobre Streptococcus mutans / In vitro antibacterial activity of hydroethanolic extract from Myrciaria dubia (Kunth) McVaugh (camu camu) against Streptococcus mutans

Introducción: Streptococcus mutans participa en el origen y progreso de la caries dental, una de las enfermedades más prevalentes a nivel mundial. Su control requiere métodos seguros y accesibles para la población. Myrciaria dubia (Kunth) McVaugh (Myrtaceae) (camu camu) es un árbol nativo de la amazonía peruana. La capacidad antimicrobiana de los componentes de su fruto ya se ha comprobado. Objetivo: Evaluar la actividad antibacteriana in vitro del extracto hidroetanólico de M. dubia contra S. mutans ATCC 35658. Métodos: Investigación experimental con posprueba y grupos controles. El extracto de la pulpa del fruto de M. dubia se obtuvo mediante maceración hidroetanólica. Las concentraciones evaluadas fueron 25 mg/mL, 50 mg/mL y 75 mg/mL. La capacidad antibacteriana se determinó mediante el método de difusión en disco. Gluconato de clorhexidina 0,12 por ciento fue el control positivo y el dimetilsulfóxido al 1 por ciento el control negativo. Resultados: La actividad antibacteriana se incrementó de manera directamente proporcional a la concentración del extracto. La concentración de 75 mg/mL mostró una media de inhibición de 18,2 ± 0,774 mm, seguido de la concentración de 50 mg/mL con una media de inhibición de 14,6 ± 1,055 mm y la concentración de 25 mg/mL con un halo de inhibición promedio de 10,1± 0,833 mm. La zona de inhibición del control positivo fue de 16,5 ± 0,516 mm. Existe diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre la concentración de 75 mg/mL y el control positivo (p< 0,05). Conclusiones: El extracto hidroetanólico de M. dubia muestra actividad antibacteriana in vitro de tipo bactericida sobre S. mutans ATCC 35668(AU)

Introduction: Streptococcus mutans is involved in the genesis and progress of dental caries, one of the most prevalent diseases worldwide, whose control requires safe methods accessible to the population. Myrciaria dubia (Kunth) McVaugh (Myrtaceae) (camu camu) is a tree native to the Peruvian Amazon. The antimicrobial capacity of the components of its fruit has already been verified. Objective: Evaluate the in vitro antibacterial activity of M. dubia hydroethanolic extract against S. mutans ATCC 35658. Methods: An experimental study was conducted with post-test analysis and control groups. The extract from the pulp of the fruit of M. dubia was obtained by hydroethanolic maceration. The concentrations evaluated were 25 mg/mL, 50 mg/mL and 75 mg/mL. Antibacterial capacity was determined by the disc diffusion method. The positive control was 0.12 percent chlorhexidine gluconate, whereas the negative control was 1 percent dimethyl sulfoxide. Results: The antibacterial activity increased directly proportional to the concentration of the extract. The concentration of 75 mg/mL showed a mean inhibition of 18.2 ± 0.774 mm, followed by the concentration of 50 mg/mL with a mean inhibition of 14.6 ± 1.055 mm and the concentration of 25 mg/mL with an average inhibition halo of 10.1 ± 0.833 mm. The zone of inhibition of the positive control was 16.5 ± 0.516 mm. There is a statistically significant difference between the concentration of 75 mg / mL and the positive control (p< 0.05). Conclusions: The M. dubia hydroethanolic extract displays in vitro antibacterial bactericidal activity against S. mutans ATCC 35668(AU)

Hábitos alimentarios y de higiene asociados a la seroprevalencia de Helicobacter pylori en estudiantes universitarios peruanos / Dietary and hygiene habits associated with the Helicobacter pylori seroprevalence in Peruvian university students / Hábitos alimentares e de higiene associados à soroprevalência do Helicobacter pylori em estudantes universitários peruanos

RESUMEN Introducción: La infección por Helicobacter pylori es cada vez más frecuente en los jóvenes peruanos e incrementa su riesgo de padecer neoplasias gástricas. Objetivo: Determinar los hábitos alimentarios y de higiene asociados a la seroprevalencia de infección por Helicobacter pylori en estudiantes universitarios del departamento de Cajamarca, Perú, durante los meses de septiembre a octubre de 2019. Método: Estudio observacional, transversal, prospectivo con un diseño no experimental. La población estuvo conformada por 367 estudiantes de la carrera profesional de Tecnología Médica. El tamaño de la muestra fue de 188 estudiantes de ambos géneros. Se detectaron anticuerpos IgG frente a Helicobacter pylori en suero, mediante el método de inmunocromatografía. Los hábitos alimentarios y de higiene se recopilaron utilizando una encuesta estructurada. Resultados: El 51,1 % de estudiantes presentó anticuerpos IgG frente a Helicobacter pylori. El 31,38 % de los estudiantes que consumía "a veces" alimentos elaborados en la calle resultaron seropositivos a Helicobacter pylori. Aquellos estudiantes que manifestaron lavarse las manos "a veces" (29,79 %) y "siempre" (21,28 %) antes de ingerir los alimentos presentaron anticuerpos IgG contra la bacteria. Además, los estudiantes seropositivos frente a Helicobacter pylori lavaban sus frutas y verduras con el agua del grifo (43,62 %) y consumían agua de grifo no tratada (29,79 %). Conclusión: El consumo de alimentos preparados en la calle, lavado de manos antes de consumir alimentos, tipo de agua para consumo y lavado de frutas y verduras antes de ingerirlas son hábitos alimentarios y de higiene asociados a la seroprevalencia de Helicobacter pylori.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Helicobacter pylori infection is becoming more frequent in the young population of Peru and at the same time increases the risk of gastric neoplasms. Objective: To identify the dietary and higiene habits associated with the seroprevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in university students at the Cajamarca Department. Assesed period from September throughout October 2019. Method: An observational, cross-sectional, prospective study with a non-experimental design was carried out. A population of 367 students on Medical technology career were involved and 188 of them, in both sex, were selected as trial. It was detected, using the immunochromatography method in serum assay, IgG antibodies against Helicobacter pylori. Dietary and hygiene habits were collected using a well-structed enquiry. Results: It was identified IgG antibodies against Helicobacter pylori infection in 51.1% of students. The 31.38% of those who, not frequently, had consumed food prepared outdoors were seropositive for Helicobacter pylori. Those students who revealed wash their hands, not frequently (29.79%) and frequently (21.28%) before eating, produced antibodies against this bacterial infection. In addition, Helicobacter pylori seropositive students washed their fruits and vegetables with obtained water from the tap (43.62%) and consumed untreated water fom the tap too (29.79%). Conclusions: Food intake outdoors, wash of hands, fruits and vegetables before eating, and the quality of water to be consumption are dietary and hygiene habits associated with the Helicobacter pylori seroprevalence.

RESUMO Introdução: A infecção por Helicobacter pylori é cada vez mais comum em jovens peruanos e aumenta o risco de neoplasias gástricas. Objetivo: Determinar os hábitos alimentares e de higiene associados à soroprevalência da infecção por Helicobacter pylori em universitários do departamento de Cajamarca, Peru, durante os meses de setembro a outubro de 2019. Método: Estudo observacional, transversal, prospectivo com um não experimental. A população foi composta por 367 alunos da carreira de Tecnologia Médica. O tamanho da amostra foi de 188 alunos de ambos os sexos. Os anticorpos IgG contra Helicobacter pylori foram detectados no soro pelo método de imunocromatografia. Os hábitos alimentares e de higiene foram coletados por meio de questionário estruturado. Resultados: 51,1% dos alunos apresentaram anticorpos IgG contra Helicobacter pylori. 31,38% dos alunos que comeram "às vezes" alimentos preparados na rua eram soropositivos para Helicobacter pylori. Os alunos que relataram lavar as mãos "às vezes" (29,79%) e "sempre" (21,28%) antes de comer apresentaram anticorpos IgG contra a bactéria. Além disso, os alunos soropositivos para Helicobacter pylori lavavam frutas e vegetais com água da torneira (43,62%) e consumiam água da torneira não tratada (29,79%). Conclusão: O consumo de alimentos preparados na rua, a lavagem das mãos antes de consumir os alimentos, o tipo de água para consumo e a lavagem de frutas e verduras antes de ingeri-los são hábitos alimentares e de higiene associados à soroprevalência do Helicobacter pylori.

Efecto antibacteriano del extracto etanólico de Annona muricata sobre microorganismos de importancia clínica / Antibacterial effects of Annona muricata ethanolic extract on clinically important microorganisms

El incremento de cepas patógenas resistentes a fármacos convencionales ha limitado las opciones de tratamiento médico. Ante ello surge la necesidad de buscar alternativas terapéuticas. Muchas especies vegetales poseen enorme potencial antimicrobiano que puede ser de gran utilidad. Objetivo: determinar el efecto antibacteriano in vitro del extracto etanólico de Annona muricata L. sobre Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus B - hemolíticos y Escherichia coli. Métodos: se evaluaron 135 unidades experimentales conformadas por 3 cepas de Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus B-hemolíticos y Escherichia coli, además de 5 concentraciones del extracto y 3 repeticiones del experimento. Para determinar el efecto antibacteriano in vitro se emplearon los métodos de disco difusión en agar y macrodilución en caldo. Se utilizó el extracto etanólico a concentraciones de 125, 250, 500, 750, 1000 mg/ml y solución salina fisiológica estéril como control negativo. Resultados: el extracto inhibió el crecimiento in vitro de Staphylococcus aureus y Streptococcus B-hemolíticos. La mayor inhibición se observó a 1 000 mg/ml con halos inhibitorios de 14,6 mm y 12,33 mm de diámetro, respectivamente. Para Escherichia coli no se observó la formación de halos inhibitorios. Las cepas de Streptococcus B-hemolíticos y Staphylococcus aureus presentaron una concentración mínima inhibitoria de 250 y 500 mg/ml, respectivamente. Conclusión: el efecto antibacteriano in vitro fue directamente proporcional a cada concentración empleada sobre Staphylococcus aureus y Streptococcus B-hemolíticos. En el caso Escherichia coli no se observó inhibición de crecimiento.

The increase in pathogenic strains resistant to conventional drugs has limited medical treatment options. Given this, the need to seek therapeutic alternatives arises. Many plant species have enormous antimicrobial potential that can be very useful. Objective: to determine in vitro the antibacterial effect of the ethanolic extract of Annona muricata L. on Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus B - hemolytic and Escherichia coli. Methods: 135 experimental units were evaluated, consisting of 3 strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus B-hemolytic and Escherichia coli, in addition to 5 concentrations of the extract and 3 repetitions of the experiment. To determine the antibacterial effect in vitro, the agar diffusion disk and broth macrodilution methods were used. The ethanolic extract was used at concentrations of 125, 250, 500, 750, 1000 mg / ml and sterile physiological saline solution as negative control. Results: the extract inhibited in vitro growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus B-hemolytic. The greatest inhibition was observed at 1000 mg / ml with inhibitory halos of 14.6 mm and 12.33 mm in diameter, respectively. For Escherichia coli the formation of inhibitory halos was not observed. The Streptococcus B-hemolytic and Staphylococcus aureus strains presented a minimum inhibitory concentration of 250 and 500 mg / ml, respectively. Conclusion: the in vitro antibacterial effect was directly proportional to each concentration used on the Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus B-hemolytic. In the case of Escherichia coli, no growth inhibition was observed.

Proteomic insight on the polychlorinated biphenyl degrading mechanism of Pleurotus pulmonarius LBM 105.

White-rot fungi are well known bioremediation agents capable of removing recalcitrant xenobiotics. However, the molecular mechanism involved in this process is not well understood. The aim of the present study was to compare the proteomic profiles of Pleurotus pulmonarius LBM 105 in presence and absence of a mixture of polychlorinated biphenyls. Cultures of the fungus were spiked with a mixture of Aroclors and cultivated for 28 days. This strain achieved a peak of PCBs-removal of 65.50 ± 8.09% after 21 days. The ecotoxicological assays showed a toxicity reduction of 46.47%. Based on these findings, a proteomic study was carried out and it was proven that the oxidative metabolism was highly affected. Two proteins that have a function at the transcriptional level and related to the oxidative metabolism, the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and the basal transcription factor 3, presented an increase in their quantity in PCBs presence. Several oxidases and reductases were highly induced, presenting the short chain reductases, aldo/keto reductases, laccases and versatile peroxidases as the enzymes with the most notorious changes. These results indicate a complex response of the fungal metabolism towards these pollutants, which includes a transcriptional response to the oxidative stress and a modification of the intra- and extra-cellular enzymatic profile.