Mecanismos de Acción de la Microbiota Oral en el Desarrollo del Cáncer. Revisión Sistemática Exploratoria

En esta revisión sistemática exploratoria, presentamos la evidencia registrada en la literatura, de que la microbiota oral puede generar una acción carcinogénica, actuando a través de tres mecanismos principales: sobre el medio extracelular, activando vías de señalización intracelular y/o generando acción directa sobre el DNA, y que las principales bacterias estudiadas corresponden a Fusobacterium nucleatum y Porphyromona gingivalis. En la actualidad hay evidencia suficiente acerca de la asociación entre microbiota oral y distintos tipos de cáncer, sin embargo, no hay gran conocimiento de los mecanismos por los cuales esta microbiota participa en su desarrollo. Presentamos una recopilación de los diversos mecanismos de acción que utilizan las bacterias de la cavidad oral en el proceso de carcinogénesis en cuatro tipos diferentes de cáncer. Es de gran importancia aumentar el conocimiento acerca del rol etiológico de la microbiota oral en el desarrollo de la enfermedad de cáncer debido a que se establecería como un nuevo agente carcinogénico y su conocimiento podría ser utilizado como una herramienta valiosa en la detección y tratamiento de esta enfermedad.

In this Scoping Review, we present the evidence recorded in the literature about that oral microbiota can generate a carcinogenic action, acting through three main mechanisms: on the extracellular space, activating intracellular signaling pathways and/or generating direct action on DNA, and that the principal pathogens studied are Fusobacterium nucleatum and Porphyromona gingivalis. Nowadays, there is sufficient evidence about the association between oral microbiota and several types of cancer, however, there is not much knowledge about the mechanisms by which this microbiota participates in its development. We present a compilation of different mechanisms of action used by oral cavity bacteria in the process of carcinogenesis in four different types of cancer. It is of great importance to increase the knowledge about the etiological role of the oral microbiota in the development of cancer disease because it would be established as a new carcinogenic agent and its knowledge could be used as a valuable tool in the detection and treatment of this disease.

Follow-Up Study Confirms the Presence of Gastric Cancer DNA Methylation Hallmarks in High-Risk Precursor Lesions.

To adopt prevention strategies in gastric cancer, it is imperative to develop robust biomarkers with acceptable costs and feasibility in clinical practice to stratified populations according to risk scores. With this aim, we applied an unbiased genome-wide CpG methylation approach to a discovery cohort composed of gastric cancer (n = 24), and non-malignant precursor lesions (n = 64). Then, candidate-methylation approaches were performed in a validation cohort of precursor lesions obtained from an observational longitudinal study (n = 264), with a 12-year follow-up to identify repression or progression cases. H. pylori stratification and histology were considered to determine their influence on the methylation dynamics. As a result, we ascertained that intestinal metaplasia partially recapitulates patterns of aberrant methylation of intestinal type of gastric cancer, independently of the H. pylori status. Two epigenetically regulated genes in cancer, RPRM and ZNF793, consistently showed increased methylation in intestinal metaplasia with respect to earlier precursor lesions. In summary, our result supports the need to investigate the practical utilities of the quantification of DNA methylation in candidate genes as a marker for disease progression. In addition, the H. pylori-dependent methylation in intestinal metaplasia suggests that pharmacological treatments aimed at H. pylori eradication in the late stages of precursor lesions do not prevent epigenome reprogramming toward a cancer signature.

Intervention for Alleviating Clinical Inertia in the Management of Urinary Incontinence.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine whether clinical inertia exists in the care of patients with urinary incontinence and to test the effects of an educational intervention designed to alleviate inertia related to care of urinary incontinence. DESIGN: Single-group, pretest/posttest design. SUBJECTS AND SETTING: The sample comprised 132 participants practicing in 6 medical-surgical inpatient care units at an urban hospital in Almería, Spain; 66 (50%) were RNs, and all other participants were unlicensed assistive personnel. Most participants (87.9%) were female; their average age was 43.99 years (SD = 7.85 years). METHODS: An educational intervention (online course) was provided. The main objective of the course was application of evidence-based knowledge for prevention and management of urinary incontinence in hospitalized patients. The course program comprised 3 didactic units: (1) introduction and evaluation of the patient with urinary incontinence, (2) care plans, and (3) instructions and rational use of absorbent products. Data collection included demographic and professional characteristics of respondents, desired results when caring for patients with incontinence, a medical record checklist, an occupational environment and satisfaction scale, and an assessment record of knowledge/skills and training activity satisfaction. RESULTS: After comparing the pre- and posttest scores of knowledge on urinary incontinence, significant differences were found before and after the intervention (z = -14.113, P = .000). Specifically, analysis revealed differences in caring actions related to urinary incontinence (z = -14.248, P = .000) and differences in direct observation of urinary incontinence practice following the intervention (z = -14.326, P = .000). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate existence of inertia in nursing care for hospitalized patients with urinary incontinence. The educational intervention improved knowledge, observable nursing care activities related to incontinence management, and improved documentation of care.

Angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma after acute myeloid leukemia: Alleged common pathogenesis. A case report and literature review.

The genomic landscape of AITL is characterized by mutation of epigenetic modifiers. This gene expression pattern resembles myeloid diseases and shows a potential role for hypomethylating agents as possible therapy for AITL.

Vivir con una enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica: una historia condicionada por los síntomas / Living with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A story conditioned by the symptoms

OBJETIVO: Conocer el significado de las experiencias vividas por personas con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica. MÉTODO: Estudio con enfoque cualitativo de tipo fenomenológico hermenéutico. Se realizaron entrevistas en profundidad a 10 personas que presentaban enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica grave y muy grave. RESULTADOS: Se describen los hallazgos encontrados en 3 temas emergentes y sus consecuentes subtemas que relatan: el proceso de la enfermedad enfatizado en 5 subtemas relacionados con el conocimiento de la enfermedad, el ahogo y cansancio como síntomas desagradables cotidianos, el ahogo como amenaza de muerte, la negación a la dependencia del oxígeno y los sistemas de afrontamiento para el control de la enfermedad; en el segundo tema se describe el apoyo familiar con 2 subtemas, pérdida de roles y carga de cuidado; y en el tercer tema se describe el apoyo del sistema de salud con 2 subtemas, atención médica y cuidado enfermero. CONCLUSIÓN: Los síntomas y los cambios funcionales, en general, denotan un significado distinto tanto en momentos cotidianos como en momentos de exacerbación. Así mismo, se develan cambios en el estilo de vida a causa de la pérdida de roles y de los procesos de atención en salud, como experiencias que no permiten un afrontamiento y adaptación efectivos

OBJECTIVE: To determine the meaning of the experience of people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. METHOD: A qualitative approach study rooted in hermeneutic phenomenology. In-depth interviews were conducted with 10 people with critical and severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. RESULTS: The findings obtained are described in three emerging topics and their consequent subtopics, which describe the process of the disease focusing on five subtopics related to awareness of the disease, the choking characteristic of the disease and tiredness as daily unpleasant symptoms, as well as choking as a death threat, rejection of oxygen dependency and coping systems to control the disease. In the second topic, family support with two subtopics are described: the loss of the patient's role, the burden of care; and the third topic concerns the support of health system on two subtopics: medical care and nursing care. CONCLUSION: The symptoms and functional changes in general, denote a different meaning not only in everyday life, but also in times of exacerbation of the condition. Likewise, changes in lifestyle due to the loss of roles and health care processes are revealed, as experiences that do not allow effective coping and adaptation

Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 fluorescence in situ hybridization and P57KIP2 immunohistochemistry using tissue microarray: Improving histopathological subtyping of hydatidiform mole.

INTRODUCTION: Trophoblastic neoplasia is detected in approximately 25% of complete hydatidiform moles (CMs) and 0.5% of partial hydatidiform moles (PMs). Hydatidiform mole (HM) subtyping is important to properly monitor and predict patient outcomes. Ploidy studies generally involve diploid CMs and triploid PMs. P57KIP2, expressed in the maternal genome, is usually not detected in CM. We determined whether HER2 FISH and p57 immunostaining contributed to the histopathological classification of HMs. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study focused on patients diagnosed with HM by histopathological examination who were followed up at a trophoblastic disease center from 2002 to 2017. Pathological samples of 108 products of conception were reviewed and reclassified according to detailed criteria. Tissue microarray technology (TMA) was used for p57 KIP2 immunostaining and HER2 FISH analysis. RESULTS: Histopathological review showed 57 (53%) CMs, 47 (43%) PMs and 4 (4%) inconclusive cases. P57 immunostaining revealed 59 (55%) negative and 22 (20%) positive specimens, and 27 (25%) were inadequate for analysis. FISH HER2 detected 68 (63%) diploid and 33 (30%) triploid cases; two (2%) had oncogene amplification. The three strategies led to a diagnostic change in 28 samples (26%). The final diagnosis was CM in 75 cases (70%) and PM in 30 (28%); three cases remained inconclusive. DISCUSSION: TMA is a cost-saving method that allows the simultaneous study of large case series. The combination of histopathology, HER2 FISH and p57 tests can be useful for accurately differentiating CM and PM, thus providing additional information on disease prognosis.

Living with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A story conditioned by the symptoms. / Vivir con una enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica: una historia condicionada por los síntomas.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the meaning of the experience of people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. METHOD: A qualitative approach study rooted in hermeneutic phenomenology. In-depth interviews were conducted with 10 people with critical and severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. RESULTS: The findings obtained are described in three emerging topics and their consequent subtopics, which describe the process of the disease focusing on five subtopics related to awareness of the disease, the choking characteristic of the disease and tiredness as daily unpleasant symptoms, as well as choking as a death threat, rejection of oxygen dependency and coping systems to control the disease. In the second topic, family support with two subtopics are described: the loss of the patient's role, the burden of care; and the third topic concerns the support of health system on two subtopics: medical care and nursing care. CONCLUSION: The symptoms and functional changes in general, denote a different meaning not only in everyday life, but also in times of exacerbation of the condition. Likewise, changes in lifestyle due to the loss of roles and health care processes are revealed, as experiences that do not allow effective coping and adaptation.

Calidad de la atención en salud de las personas con trauma raquimedular según criterios normativos de Colombia / Quality of healthcare directed to people with spinal cord injury according to Colombian regulations

RESUMEN Objetivo Determinar cómo influye la normatividad de salud en la rehabilitación integral de la persona con Trauma Raquimedular en dos instituciones de salud de la ciudad de Cali, Colombia. Métodos Este estudio descriptivo trasversal se realizó con 53 personas. Las variable independiente fue la normatividad en salud y la dependiente la rehabilitación integral. Se aplicó análisis univariado. Resultados El reclamo de los derechos fundamentales en salud ante un tribunal, es un mecanismo que permite a las personas con trauma raquimedular acceder a los servicios de salud para la rehabilitación integral, especialmente al 81% para el tratamiento del dolor, 62% para espasticidad, 95% para el cuidado de vejiga neurogénica, y al 93% para el acceso a equipos de órtesis o sillas de ruedas. Conclusiones La normatividad actual en salud de Colombia no permite mecanismos oportunos para que la persona con trauma raquimedular pueda acceder a los servicios de salud específicos para la rehabilitación integral. Es importante que los equipos interdisciplinarios en salud, conozcan la norma, oriente de manera temprana a las personas con este tipo de lesión para acceder a los servicios de salud requeridos, lo que permitirá la prevención de complicaciones como la depresión o la muerte por sepsis derivada de la infección urinaria o las úlceras por presión.(AU)

ABSTRACT Objective To determine how heath regulations affect the comprehensive rehabilitation of people with spinal cord injury in two health institutions of the city of Cali- Colombia. Materials and Methods Cross-sectional descriptive study with 53 people. The independent variable was health regulations and the dependent variable was comprehensive rehabilitation. A univariate analysis was applied. Results Claiming fundamental health rights before a court is a mechanism that allows people with spinal injury to access health services for comprehensive rehabilitation, of which 81% claim pain treatment, 62% spasticity, 95% neurogenic bladder care, and 93% orthotic devices or wheel chairs. Conclusions Current health regulations in Colombia do not include timely mechanisms for people with spinal cord injury to have access to specific health services for comprehensive rehabilitation. It is important for interdisciplinary health teams to become familiar with regulations and provide early guidance to people with this type of injury, so that they can access the necessary healthcare services and prevent further complications such as depression or death from sepsis derived from urinary tract infections or pressure ulcers.(AU)

Complicaciones derivadas de la inserción periférica de catéter central con punción ciega o ecoguiada / Complications derived of Peripherally-Inserted Central Catheters with blind or ultra-sound guided puncture

OBJETIVO: determinar la influencia de la técnica de colocación de catéteres centrales de inserción periférica (PICC), ecoguiada frente a punción ciega, sobre la incidencia de flebitis y otras complicaciones en pacientes oncológicos. MÉTODO: estudio analítico observacional de cohorte retrospectivo (grupo punción ciega versus grupo con técnica ecoguiada). Se incluyeron, 168 pacientes a los que se les colocó un PICC durante los años 2013 a 2015 (seleccionados por muestreo aleatorio simple), con punción ciega (n= 114) o ecoguiada (n= 54) en el Hospital de Día del ICO-Hospital Duran I Reynals (Barcelona). Las variables estudiadas fueron la incidencia de flebitis y otras complicaciones asociadas al catéter, el tiempo hasta la aparición de las complicaciones, el motivo de retirada y el tiempo de duración del catéter. RESULTADOS: la edad media de los pacientes en ambos grupos fue similar (59,3 en grupo punción ciega y 59,7 años en grupo con técnica ecoguiada). El tumor más habitual fue el cáncer de cabeza y cuello, aunque con diferencias significativas en la distribución de los mismos entre ambos grupos. La flebitis fue la complicación más incidente. Ocurrió en el 16,7% del grupo con punción ciega frente al 1,8% en colocación ecoguiada (RR= 0,11; p= 0,012). La flebitis apareció de media a los 30 días (DE: 6,93) en los catéteres ecoguiados y a los 11 días (DE: 8,58) en los insertados sin ecógrafo (p= 0,002). CONCLUSIONES: la implantación de la técnica ecoguiada para la inserción de PICC frente a la punción ciega se asocia a una reducción en la incidencia y en el tiempo de aparición de la flebitis

OBJECTIVE: to determine the impact of the ultrasound-guided technique for peripherally-inserted central catheters (PICCs) vs. blind puncture, on the incidence of phlebitis and other complications in oncology patients. METHOD: an observational, analytical, retrospective cohort study (blind puncture arm vs. arm with ultrasound-guided technique). The study included 168 patients with a PICC inserted from 2013 to 2015 (selected through simple random sampling), with blind (n= 114) or ultrasound-guided puncture (n= 54) at the Day Hospital of the ICO-Hospital Duran I Reynals (Barcelona). The variables studied were: incidence of phlebitis and other catheter-related complications, time until the development of complications, reason for removal, and time of catheter duration. RESULTS: the mean age of patients in both arms was similar (59.3 years in the blind puncture arm and 59.7 years in the arm with ultrasound-guided technique). The most frequent tumour was head and neck, though with significant differences in distribution between both arms. Phlebitis was the complication with the highest incidence, which occurred in 16.7% of the blind puncture arm vs. 1.8% with ultrasound-guided insertion (RR= 0.11; p= 0.012). The mean time for phlebitis development was 30 days (SD: 6.93) for ultrasound-guided catheters, and 11 days (SD: 8.58) for those inserted without ultrasound (p= 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: the implementation of the ultrasound-guided technique for PICC insertion vs. blind puncture was associated with a reduction in the incidence of phlebitis and the time to its development

Gestational Trophoblastic Neoplasia after Ectopic Molar Pregnancy: Clinical, Diagnostic, and Therapeutic Aspects.

This report presents the case of a patient with gestational trophoblastic neoplasia after a partial hydatidiform mole formed in the Fallopian tube. Ectopic molar pregnancy is a rare condition, with an estimated incidence of 1 in every 20,000 to 100,000 pregnancies; less than 300 cases of it have been reported in the Western literature. The present report is important because it presents current diagnostic criteria for this rare condition, which has been incorrectly diagnosed in the past, not only morphologically but also immunohistochemically. It also draws the attention of obstetricians to the occurrence of ectopic molar pregnancy, which tends to progress to Fallopian tube rupture more often than in cases of ectopic non-molar pregnancy. Progression to gestational trophoblastic neoplasia ensures that patients with ectopic molar pregnancy must undergo postmolar monitoring, which must be just as thorough as that of patients with intrauterine hydatidiform moles, even if chemotherapy results in high cure rates.

Esse relato apresenta um caso de neoplasia trofoblástica gestacional após mola hidatiforme parcial ocorrida na tuba uterina. Trata-se de uma associação rara, cuja incidência estima-se de 1 em cada 20.000 a 100.000 gestações, havendo menos de 300 casos apresentados na literatura ocidental. O tema é importante porque apresenta critérios diagnósticos atuais para essa ocorrência incomum, que vinha sendo diagnosticada equivocadamente, não apenas sob o ponto de vista morfológico, como também imunohistoquímico. Da mesma forma, alerta o obstetra para a ocorrência da gravidez molar ectópica, que tende a evoluir com rotura tubária mais frequentemente do que os casos de gravidez ectópica não molar. Por fim, a evolução do caso para neoplasia trofoblástica gestacional impõe às pacientes com gravidez ectópica molar a necessidade de seguimento pós-molar tão rigoroso quanto nos casos de mola hidatiforme intrauterina, ainda que o tratamento quimioterápico determine elevadas taxas de cura.

Gestational trophoblastic neoplasia after ectopic molar pregnancy: clinical, diagnostic, and therapeutic aspects / Neoplasia trofoblástica gestacional após gestaçãomolar ectópica: aspectos clínicos, diagnósticos e terapêuticos

Abstract This report presents the case of a patient with gestational trophoblastic neoplasia after a partial hydatidiform mole formed in the Fallopian tube. Ectopic molar pregnancy is a rare condition, with an estimated incidence of 1 in every 20,000 to 100,000 pregnancies; less than 300 cases of it have been reported in the Western literature. The present report is important because it presents current diagnostic criteria for this rare condition, which has been incorrectly diagnosed in the past, not only morphologically but also immunohistochemically. It also draws the attention of obstetricians to the occurrence of ectopic molar pregnancy, which tends to progress to Fallopian tube rupture more often than in cases of ectopic non-molar pregnancy. Progression to gestational trophoblastic neoplasia ensures that patients with ectopic molar pregnancy must undergo postmolar monitoring, which must be just as thorough as that of patients with intrauterine hydatidiform moles, even if chemotherapy results in high cure rates.

Resumo Esse relato apresenta um caso de neoplasia trofoblástica gestacional após mola hidatiforme parcial ocorrida na tuba uterina. Trata-se de uma associação rara, cuja incidência estima-se de 1 em cada 20.000 a 100.000 gestações, havendomenos de 300 casos apresentados na literatura ocidental. O tema é importante porque apresenta critérios diagnósticos atuais para essa ocorrência incomum, que vinha sendo diagnosticada equivocadamente, não apenas sob o ponto de vista morfológico, como também imunohistoquímico. Da mesma forma, alerta o obstetra para a ocorrência da gravidez molar ectópica, que tende a evoluir com rotura tubária mais frequentemente do que os casos de gravidez ectópica não molar. Por fim, a evolução do caso para neoplasia trofoblástica gestacional impõe às pacientes com gravidez ectópica molar a necessidade de seguimento pós-molar tão rigoroso quanto nos casos de mola hidatiforme intrauterina, ainda que o tratamento quimioterápico determine elevadas taxas de cura.

Inertia in nursing care of hospitalised patients with urinary incontinence.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To assess the existence of therapeutic inertia in the nursing care of patients with urinary incontinence during the patient's time in hospital, together with the sociodemographic and professional variables involved. BACKGROUND: Inertia in care is a problem which appears in the nursing care process. Actions related to inertia can be attributed to not adhering to protocols, clinical guidelines and the lack of prevention measures which have undesirable effects on the efficiency of care. DESIGN: This was a prospective observational study. METHODS: A total of 132 nursing professionals participated over two consecutive months. Data were collected randomly through the method of systematic, nonparticipative observation of medical practice units and patients' medical records. RESULTS: The results showed a pattern of severely compromised action in the assessment of the pattern of urinary elimination, in actions related to urinary continence, in therapeutic behaviour and in patient satisfaction and were found to be consistent with professional experience (p < .05). In the 600 records analysed, no statistically significant differences were found between gender and the use of records. In 50% (n = 301), the use of a rating scale was not reflected. In over 90% (n = 560) of cases, the type of incontinence was not recorded. In no continuity of care report were recommendations regarding incontinence included, nor was the type of continence products recommended indicated. CONCLUSION: It is clear that inertia exists in nursing care in the hospital environment while the patient is hospitalised, in prevention care, in the treatment of urinary incontinence and in the management of records. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: Contributing to the understanding of the existence of inertia in nursing care raises questions regarding its causes and interventions to predict or monitor it.

[Quality of healthcare directed to people with spinal cord injury according to Colombian regulations]. / Calidad de la atención en salud de las personas con trauma raquimedular según criterios normativos de Colombia.

OBJECTIVE: To determine how heath regulations affect the comprehensive rehabilitation of people with spinal cord injury in two health institutions of the city of Cali- Colombia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cross-sectional descriptive study with 53 people. The independent variable was health regulations and the dependent variable was comprehensive rehabilitation. A univariate analysis was applied. RESULTS: Claiming fundamental health rights before a court is a mechanism that allows people with spinal injury to access health services for comprehensive rehabilitation, of which 81% claim pain treatment, 62% spasticity, 95% neurogenic bladder care, and 93% orthotic devices or wheel chairs. CONCLUSIONS: Current health regulations in Colombia do not include timely mechanisms for people with spinal cord injury to have access to specific health services for comprehensive rehabilitation. It is important for interdisciplinary health teams to become familiar with regulations and provide early guidance to people with this type of injury, so that they can access the necessary healthcare services and prevent further complications such as depression or death from sepsis derived from urinary tract infections or pressure ulcers.

OBJETIVO: Determinar cómo influye la normatividad de salud en la rehabilitación integral de la persona con Trauma Raquimedular en dos instituciones de salud de la ciudad de Cali, Colombia. MÉTODOS: Este estudio descriptivo trasversal se realizó con 53 personas. Las variable independiente fue la normatividad en salud y la dependiente la rehabilitación integral. Se aplicó análisis univariado. RESULTADOS: El reclamo de los derechos fundamentales en salud ante un tribunal, es un mecanismo que permite a las personas con trauma raquimedular acceder a los servicios de salud para la rehabilitación integral, especialmente al 81% para el tratamiento del dolor, 62% para espasticidad, 95% para el cuidado de vejiga neurogénica, y al 93% para el acceso a equipos de órtesis o sillas de ruedas. CONCLUSIONES: La normatividad actual en salud de Colombia no permite mecanismos oportunos para que la persona con trauma raquimedular pueda acceder a los servicios de salud específicos para la rehabilitación integral. Es importante que los equipos interdisciplinarios en salud, conozcan la norma, oriente de manera temprana a las personas con este tipo de lesión para acceder a los servicios de salud requeridos, lo que permitirá la prevención de complicaciones como la depresión o la muerte por sepsis derivada de la infección urinaria o las úlceras por presión.

Gene expression study and pathway analysis of histological subtypes of intestinal metaplasia that progress to gastric cancer.

BACKGROUND: Intestinal metaplasia (IM) is a precursor lesion that precedes gastric cancer (GC). There are two IM histological subtypes, complete (CIM) and incomplete (IIM), the latter having higher progression rates to GC. This study was aimed at analysing gene expression and molecular processes involved in the progression from normal mucosa to IM, and also from IM subtypes to GC. METHODOLOGY: We used expression data to compare the transcriptome of healthy gastric mucosa to that of IM not progressing to GC, and the transcriptome of IM subtypes that had progressed to GC to those that did not progress. Some deregulated genes were validated and pathway analyses were performed. RESULTS: Comparison of IM subtypes that had progressed to GC with those that did not progress showed smaller differences in the expression profiles than the comparison of IM that did not progress with healthy mucosa. New transcripts identified in IM not progressing to GC included TRIM, TMEM, homeobox and transporter genes and SNORD116. Comparison to normal mucosa identified non tumoral Warburg effect and melatonin degradation as previously unreported processes involved in IM. Overexpressed antigen processing is common to both IM-subtypes progressing to GC, but IIM showed more over-expressed oncogenic genes and molecular processes than CIM. CONCLUSIONS: There are greater differences in gene expression and molecular processes involved in the progression from normal healthy mucosa to IM than from IM to gastric cancer. While antigen processing is common in both IM-subtypes progressing to GC, more oncogenic processes are observed in the progression of IIM.

Factores fisiológicos y psicológicos que influyen en la rehabilitación de las personas con trauma raquimedular / Physiological and psychological factors in rehabilitation of persons with traumatic of spinal cord

Resumen La rehabilitación integral de las personas con trauma raquimedular requiere integrar lo físico, emocional y social, es necesario indagar como estos factores se interrelacionan y afectan su calidad de vida. El objetivo fue determinar la interrelación de los factores fisiológicos y psicológicos en la rehabilitación integral de las personas con trauma raquimedular a partir de la Teoría de los Síntomas Desagradables de Elizabeth Lenz. Estudio descriptivo transversal, con 51 personas. Las variables independientes fueron clasificación ASIA, nivel de la lesión y sexo; las variables dependientes los factores fisiológicos y psicológicos. Se aplico análisis univariado y la prueba t para identificar las diferencias estadísticamente significativas. La disrreflexia autonómica, las disfunciones vesicales e intestinales generan estados de depresión y expresión de ira especialmente en los hombres, es muy importante brindar soporte para el cuidado de estos factores durante la rehabilitación integral.

Abstract The comprehensive rehabilitation of people with spinal cord trauma takes into account the person as a whole being in the physical, emotional and social sense; therefore, it is necessary to investigate how these factors interact and affect their quality of life. The objective was determining the interrelation between the physiological and psychological factors on rehabilitation of people with spinal cord trauma from the theory of unpleasant symptoms Elizabeth Lenz. A transversal descriptive study, with 51 people. The independent variables were ASIA classification, the level of injury, and gender; the dependent variables were the physiological and psychological factors. A univariate analysis, the t- test was applied to identify statistically significant differences. The autonomic dysreflexia and both bladder as well as bowel dysfunction, are symptoms that generate states of depression and expression of anger, and are more evident in men. The support is required in the care of these factors during la integral rehabilitation.

Incomplete type of intestinal metaplasia has the highest risk to progress to gastric cancer: results of the Spanish follow-up multicenter study.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: In high or moderate risk populations, periodic surveillance of patients at risk of progression from gastric precursor lesions (PL) to gastric cancer (GC) is the most effective strategy for reducing the burden of GC. Incomplete type of intestinal metaplasia (IIM) may be considered as the best candidate, but it is still controversial and more research is needed. To further assess the progression of subtypes of IM as predictors of GC occurrence. METHODS: A follow-up study was carried-out including 649 patients, diagnosed with PL between 1995-2004 in 9 participating hospitals from Spain, and who repeated the biopsy during 2011-2013. Medical information and habits were collected through a questionnaire. Based on morphology, IM was sub-classified as complete (small intestinal type, CIM) and incomplete (colonic type, IIM). Analyses were done using Cox (HR) models. RESULTS: At baseline, 24% of patients had atrophic gastritis, 38% CIM, 34% IIM, and 4% dysplasia. Mean follow-up was 12 years. 24 patients (3.7%) developed a gastric adenocarcinoma during follow-up. The incidence rate of GC was 2.76 and 5.76 per 1,000 person-years for those with CIM and IIM, respectively. The HR of progression to CG was 2.75 (95% CI 1.06-6.26) for those with IIM compared with those with CIM at baseline, after adjusting for sex, age, smoking, family history of GC and use of NSAIDs. CONCLUSIONS: IIM is the PL with highest risk to progress to GC. Sub-typing of IM is a valid procedure for the identification of high risk patients that require more intensive surveillance.

HIF1A expression in localized prostate cancer treated with dose escalation radiation therapy.

PURPOSE: To analyze the expression of hypoxia inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF1A) and its correlation with clinical outcome in men with localized prostate cancer (PC) treated with dose escalation radiotherapy (RT) and androgen deprivation (AD). METHODS: Between 1996 and 2004, 129 PC patients who had diagnostic biopsies pre-treatment and 24-36 months following RT were enrolled in this study. Median follow-up was 129 months. Suitable archival diagnostic tissue was obtained from 86 patients. Correlation analysis was done to assess association between HIF1A expression and clinical outcome. RESULTS: HIF1A expression was observed in 25/86 (29%) of diagnostic biopsies, and in 5/14 (36%) of post-RT biopsies. No significant association was noted between HIF1A expression and clinical and treatment parameters. We also failed to show a significant correlation between HIF1A overexpression and outcome. A borderline significant relationship was observed between expression of HIF1A and overall survival (OS) (HR 0.03, p=0.08). CONCLUSION: To our knowledge this is the first study assessing the pattern of change of HIF1A staining in biopsies of patients prior and following treatment. While we did not find significant variations in the expression of HIF1A following radio-hormone therapy, a high HIF1A expression was unexpectedly associated with a borderline improved OS.

Predictive value of PAK6 and PSMB4 expression in patients with localized prostate cancer treated with dose-escalation radiation therapy and androgen deprivation therapy.

PURPOSE: The present study analyzed the expression by immunochemistry of the novel markers P21-activated protein kinase 6 (PAK6) and proteasome beta-4 subunit (PSMB4) in men with localized prostate cancer (PC) who were treated with dose-escalation radiotherapy (RT) and androgen deprivation therapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between 1996 and 2004, a cohort of 129 patients with PC who underwent diagnostic biopsies pretreatment and 24 to 36 months following RT were enrolled in this study. Suitable archival diagnostic tissue was obtained from 89 patients. Median follow-up was 129 months (48-198). Correlation analysis was done to assess association between PAK6 and PSMB4 expression and clinical outcome. RESULTS: PAK6 and PSMB4 were expressed in the cytoplasm in 62% and 96.7% of diagnostic biopsies, respectively. Increased staining for PAK6 was significantly (P = 0.04) correlated with higher Gleason scores. In the multivariate analysis, the intensity of PSMB4 staining was an independent predictor of local relapse (hazard ratio = 8.6, P = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge, this is the first description of PAK6 and PSMB4 expression in the diagnostic specimens of men with PC who were treated with RT. If confirmed by further studies, increased expression of these genes could be used to identify patients at a high risk of developing local failure following high-dose RT, thus better tailoring treatments for the individual patient.

Incidence of human papillomavirus-related oropharyngeal cancer and outcomes after chemoradiation in a population of heavy smokers.

BACKGROUND: Incidence of human papillomavirus (HPV)-related oropharyngeal carcinomas is increasing worldwide. The purpose of this study was to report the incidence in our region, and to determine the influence of HPV status on survival among a heavy smoking population. METHODS: p16 expression was analyzed in 102 patients with stage II to IV treated with chemoradiation. Overall survival (OS), locoregional control, and disease-free survival (DFS) were compared for HPV+ and HPV- status. RESULTS: The majority of patients were smokers (86%). p16 positivity was found in 26.7%. Patients who were HPV+ were younger (56 vs 59 years old; p = .052). No differences were observed regarding tumor stage, sex, or smoking between HPV+ and HPV-. Three-year OS was 67.4% for patients who were HPV+ versus 49.7% for HPV- (hazard ratio [HR], 0.55; p = .095). CONCLUSION: Incidence of HPV-related oropharyngeal carcinoma in Spain is similar to that reported in other European countries. In this sample of heavy smokers, we observed a nonsignificant trend for better outcomes in patients who were HPV+.

Anatomopathological characterization of placentas from HIV+ patients associated with p24 expression / Caracterização anatomopatológica da placenta de pacientes HIV+ associada à expressão do p24

INTRODUCTION: The study of placentas from pregnant human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positive women has become the subject of numerous studies in the literature. Morphological, viral, immune and inflammatory placental aspects have been analyzed in order to grasp the vertical transmission of the virus. OBJECTIVE: To identify the most frequent findings in the placentas by associating them with a viral antigen and correlating them with the infection of newborns. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Thirty-five placentas from HIV- positive pregnant women were pathologically and immunohistochemically analyzed with the use of p24 antibody in the period from 1992 to1997 in accordance with the routine laboratory testing from the Anatomopathological Department - Hospital Universitário Antônio Pedro - Universidade Federal Fluminense (APD/HUAP/UFF). RESULTS: The microscopic alterations detected in all cases, including those with vertical transmission, were arteriopathy in the fetal blood circulation, chorioamnionitis, perivillous fibrin deposition, syncytial knotting, villous edema and villous immaturity. No specific macroscopic or histopathological changes were found in these placentas. The neonatal infection was observed in five cases. Vertical transmission was identified in two out of five placentas that had low weight for the respective stage of pregnancy. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed 14 positive cases, two of which showed vertical transmission. The viral protein was not identified in 10 out of 14 placentas from patients who had been medicated with zidovudine (AZT). CONCLUSION: Our study has contributed to the anatomopathological investigation into placentas from HIV-positive patients, although p24 expression per se did not allow a definite and early diagnosis of the vertical transmission.

INTRODUÇÃO: A importância do estudo da placenta de gestantes com o vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV) soropositivas tornou-se alvo de inúmeros trabalhos na literatura. Aspectos morfológicos, virais, imunes e inflamatórios intrínsecos ao tecido placentário foram analisados para o entendimento da transmissão vertical do vírus. OBJETIVO: Identificar as lesões mais frequentes nas placentas, associando-as ao antígeno viral e correlacionando-as com a infecção dos recém-nascidos. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: Trinta e cinco placentas de gestantes HIV soropositivas foram analisadas por estudo anatomopatológico e imuno-histoquímico, utilizando o anticorpo p24, no período de 1992 a 1997, segundo a rotina do laboratório do Serviço Anatomia Patológica/Hospital Universitário Antônio Pedro/Universidade Federal Fluminense (SAP/HUAP/UFF). RESULTADOS: As alterações microscópicas registradas em todos os casos, inclusive nos de transmissão vertical, foram arteriopatia no circuito vascular fetal, corionamnionite, depósito fibrinoide perivilositário, excesso de nós sinciciais, edema do estroma viloso e dismaturidade vilosa. Nenhuma alteração microscópica ou macroscópica específica do HIV foi encontrada nas placentas. A infecção neonatal pôde ser constatada em cinco casos. A transmissão vertical foi identificada em duas placentas entre cinco que tinham baixo peso para a idade gestacional. Análise da imuno-histoquímica do p24 mostrou 14 casos positivos, dois dos quais apresentaram transmissão vertical. A proteína viral não foi identificada em 10 das 14 placentas cujas pacientes foram medicadas com zidovudina (AZT). CONCLUSÃO: Nosso estudo contribuiu para o estudo anatomopatológico da placenta de pacientes soropositivas para o HIV, porém a expressão do p24 por si só não permitiu um diagnóstico definitivo e precoce da transmissão vertical.