Los estudiantes de Enfermería y la pesquisa durante la COVID-19

Fundamento: el estudio de las enfermedades debe integrar perspectivas e incluir variables relacionadas con los profesionales sanitarios. La aparición de nuevas enfermedades como la COVID-19 ha generado un grupo de investigaciones dirigidas a los profesionales y estudiantes inmersos en su prevención y control. Objetivo: caracterizar las actitudes de los estudiantes de Enfermería vinculados al pesquisaje activo de casos sintomáticos de COVID-19. Métodos: en la universidad médica camagüeyana se realizó un estudio descriptivo, transversal, en el período de marzo a mayo de 2021, con la combinación de metodologías cualitativas. Se aplicaron métodos teóricos para la fundamentación de la investigación y empíricos como la observación externa directa, entrevista semiestructurada y composición, a una muestra de 30 estudiantes de licenciatura en Enfermería. Resultados: las actitudes se caracterizaron por tener una dirección que no indicó rechazo abierto, pero se percibió la dificultad de abordar el tema de la posibilidad del propio contagio en el 49,30 %. Hubo un 62,10 % de inconsistencia interna en las actitudes, al constatarse una relación antagónica entre sus componentes. Conclusiones: la vinculación de los estudiantes de Enfermería a escenarios clínicos y comunitarios permitió la identificación de características en sus componentes, consistencia o funciones que implican exposición a situaciones de riesgo o limitan el desempeño; es imprescindible modificarlas en aras de garantizar las acciones de sostenibilidad y la formación profesional.

Background: the study of diseases must integrate perspectives and include variables related to health professionals. The emergence of new diseases such as COVID-19 has generated a group of research aimed at professionals and students immersed in its prevention and control. Objective: to characterize the attitudes of nursing students linked to active screening in cases of COVID-19. Methods: a descriptive, cross-sectional study was carried out at Camagüey Medical University from March to May 2021, with a combination of qualitative methodologies. Theoretical methods were applied to support the research and empirical methods, such as direct external observation, semi-structured interviews and composition, to a sample of 30 undergraduate Nursing students. Results: the attitudes were characterized by having a direction that did not indicate open rejection, but the difficulty of addressing the issue of the possibility of contagion itself was perceived in 49.30%. There was 62.10% of internal inconsistency in attitudes, as an antagonistic relationship was found among its components. Conclusions: the linking of Nursing students to clinical and community settings allowed the identification of characteristics in their components, consistency or functions that imply exposure to risk situations or limit performance; it is essential to modify them in order to guarantee sustainability actions and professional training.

In the (sub)tropics allergic rhinitis and its impact on asthma classification of allergic rhinitis is more useful than perennial-seasonal classification.

BACKGROUND: Two different allergic rhinitis (AR) symptom phenotype classifications exist. Treatment recommendations are based on intermittent-persistent (INT-PER) cataloging, but clinical trials still use the former seasonal AR-perennial AR (SAR-PAR) classification. This study was designed to describe how INT-PER, mild-moderate/severe and SAR-PAR of patients seen by allergists are distributed over the different climate zones in a (sub)tropical country and how these phenotypes relate to allergen sensitization patterns. METHODS: Six climate zones throughout Mexico were determined, based on National Geographic Institute (Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía) data. Subsequent AR patients (2-68 years old) underwent a blinded, standardized skin-prick test and filled out a validated questionnaire phenotyping AR. RESULTS: Five hundred twenty-nine subjects participated in this study. In the tropical zone with 87% house-dust mite sensitization, INT (80.9%; p < 0.001) and PAR (91%; p = 0.04) were more frequent than in the subtropics. In the central high-pollen areas, there was less moderate/severe AR (65.5%; p < 0.005). Frequency of comorbid asthma showed a clear north-south gradient, from 25% in the dry north to 59% in the tropics (p < 0.005). No differences exist in AR cataloging among patients with different sensitization patterns, with two minor exceptions (more PER in tree sensitized and more PAR in mold positives; p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: In a (sub)tropical country the SAR-PAR classification seems of limited value and bears poor relation with the INT-PER classification. INT is more frequent in the tropical zone. Because PER has been shown to relate to AR severity, clinical trials should select patients based on INT-PER combined with the severity cataloging because these make for a better treatment guide than SAR-PAR.

Allergen sensitization linked to climate and age, not to intermittent-persistent rhinitis in a cross-sectional cohort study in the (sub)tropics.

BACKGROUND: Allergen exposure leads to allergen sensitization in susceptible individuals and this might influence allergic rhinitis (AR) phenotype expression. We investigated whether sensitization patterns vary in a country with subtropical and tropical regions and if sensitization patterns relate to AR phenotypes or age. METHODS: In a national, cross-sectional study AR patients (2-70 y) seen by allergists underwent blinded skin prick testing with a panel of 18 allergens and completed a validated questionnaire on AR phenotypes. RESULTS: 628 patients were recruited. The major sensitizing allergen was house dust mite (HDM) (56%), followed by Bermuda grass (26%), ash (24%), oak (23%) and mesquite (21%) pollen, cat (22%) and cockroach (21%). Patients living in the tropical region were almost exclusively sensitized to HDM (87%). In the central agricultural zones sensitization is primarily to grass and tree pollen. Nationwide, most study subjects had perennial (82.2%), intermittent (56.5%) and moderate-severe (84.7%) AR. Sensitization was not related to the intermittent-persistent AR classification or to AR severity; seasonal AR was associated with tree (p < 0.05) and grass pollen sensitization (p < 0.01). HDM sensitization was more frequent in children (0-11 y) and adolescents (12-17 y) (subtropical region: p < 0.0005; tropical region p < 0.05), but pollen sensitization becomes more important in the adult patients visiting allergists (Adults vs children + adolescents for tree pollen: p < 0.0001, weeds: p < 0.0005). CONCLUSIONS: In a country with (sub)tropical climate zones SPT sensitization patterns varied according to climatological zones; they were different from those found in Europe, HDM sensitization far outweighing pollen allergies and Bermuda grass and Ash pollen being the main grass and tree allergens, respectively. Pollen sensitization was related to SAR, but no relation between sensitization and intermittent-persistent AR or AR severity could be detected. Sensitization patterns vary with age (child HDM, adult pollen). Clinical implications of our findings are dual: only a few allergens -some region specific- cover the majority of sensitizations in (sub)tropical climate zones. This is of major importance for allergen manufacturers and immunotherapy planning. Secondly, patient selection in clinical trials should be based on the intermittent-persistent and severity classifications, rather than on the seasonal-perennial AR subtypes, especially when conducted in (sub)tropical countries.

Visión humanística de los cuidados de Enfermería / A humanistic view of nursing care

La Enfermería es una ciencia reconocida desde mediados del siglo XIX, posee un cuerpo teórico conceptual propio que sustenta sus principios y objetivos, y se encuentra en constante renovación a través de la investigación científica, procedimientos particulares y uso de las nuevas tecnologías dirigidas al cuidado de la salud de las personas. Este análisis pretende describir una serie de aspectos que identifican a la Enfermería como ciencia y el uso de la tecnología en su proceder humanista en la prestación de los cuidados. Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica que incluyó diversos libros de textos y artículos. Se consultaron expertos en esta temática para ampliar los conocimientos relacionados con los fundamentos dela Enfermería, mediante el estudio analítico de la bibliografía consultada. La Enfermería se ha desarrollado científica y tecnológicamente en el devenir de los años, pero este hecho no debe perjudicar su profundo sentido humanista. Hay una corriente de pensamiento, cada vez mayor, preocupada por sustentar lo que se da en llamar un “humanismo tecnológico” y ya son muchos los que comparten la esperanza de la presencia de un humanismo donde las personas acierten a utilizar la técnica y la tecnología siempre en beneficio de los seres humanos y al servicio de los mismos (AU)

Nursing is a science acknowledged since mid 19th century, it has its own conceptual theoretic body which supports its principles and objectives, and it is in constant renovation through scientific research, personal procedures, and the use of new technologies targeted at the healthcare of people. This analysis intends to describe a series of aspects which identify Nursing as a science, and the use of technology in its humanistic behavior in care provision. A bibliographic review was conducted, which included various textbooks and articles. Experts in this subject were consulted, in order to broaden the knowledge associated with the Nursing basics, through the analytic study of the bibliography reviewed. Nursing has developed scientific and technologically throughout the years, but this fact should not be detrimental to its deep humanistic aspect. There is a line of thought, gradually increasing, which is concerned with supporting what has been called a “technological humanism”, and there are many people who already share the hope of a type of humanism where persons tend to use techniques and technology always for the benefit of human beings, and at their service (AU)

Uso de la moxibustión en la crisis ligera de asma bronquial en el servicio de urgencias / Use of moxibustion in the slight crisis of bronchial asthma in the emergency service

El asma es una de las enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles de mayor impacto por su morbilidad y mortalidad. Objetivo: evaluar el tratamiento con moxibustión en los pacientes con crisis ligera del asma bronquial en el servicio de urgencias del policlínico Carlos Juan Finlay desde enero a mayo de 2008. Método: se realizó un estudio de intervención analítico prospectivo en los pacientes que acudieron al servicio de urgencias con crisis ligera de asma bronquial. Constituyeron el universo de estudio 84 pacientes. La muestra se conformó por 42 pacientes con criterios de estertores roncos y/o sibilantes, se tomó en consideración el examen físico realizado por el médico de guardia para la detección de las manifestaciones clínicas. El estudio constó de tres fases para su realización, una de detección, otra de intervención con la técnica de tratamiento de moxibustión indirecta y una última de evaluación por el médico de guardia. Resultados: las manifestaciones predominantes fueron: la tos, la disnea y los estertores secos en el 100 %; seguido por la expectoración, la ansiedad con 88,1 % y 57,1 % respectivamente, 36 de los pacientes necesitaron dos sesiones de moxa para eliminar su manifestación clínica inicial. Conclusiones: la totalidad de los pacientes expresaron sentirse satisfechos con la terapia.

Asthma is one of non transmitted chronic diseases of greater impact by its morbidity and mortality. Objective: to evaluate the treatment with moxibustion in patients with slight crisis of bronchial asthma in the emergency service at the polyclinic Carlos Juan Finlay during the year 2008. Method: a prospective analytic intervention study was carried out in patients that came to the emergency service with slight crisis of bronchial asthma. The universe of study was made up of 84 patients. The sample was constituted by 44 patients with sibilant and/or rhonchus rales criteria; it was taken in consideration the physical examination carried out by the doctor on call for the detection of clinical manifestations. The study consisted of three phases for its realization, one for detection, another for intervention with the indirect moxibustion treatment technique and a last one of evaluation for the doctor on call. Results: the predominant manifestations were: cough, the dyspnea and the dry rale in 100 %; followed by expectoration, the anxiety with 88,1 % and 57,1 % respectively, 36 of patients needed two sessions of moxa to eliminate their initial clinical manifestation. Conclusions: all the patients expressed to feel satisfied with the therapy.

Uso de la moxibustión en la crisis ligera de asma bronquial en el servicio de urgencias / Use of moxibustion in the slight crisis of bronchial asthma in the emergency service

El asma es una de las enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles de mayor impacto por su morbilidad y mortalidad. Objetivo: evaluar el tratamiento con moxibustión en los pacientes con crisis ligera del asma bronquial en el servicio de urgencias del policlínico Carlos Juan Finlay desde enero a mayo de 2008. Método: se realizó un estudio de intervención analítico prospectivo en los pacientes que acudieron al servicio de urgencias con crisis ligera de asma bronquial. Constituyeron el universo de estudio 84 pacientes. La muestra se conformó por 42 pacientes con criterios de estertores roncos y/o sibilantes, se tomó en consideración el examen físico realizado por el médico de guardia para la detección de las manifestaciones clínicas. El estudio constó de tres fases para su realización, una de detección, otra de intervención con la técnica de tratamiento de moxibustión indirecta y una última de evaluación por el médico de guardia. Resultados: las manifestaciones predominantes fueron: la tos, la disnea y los estertores secos en el 100 %; seguido por la expectoración, la ansiedad con 88,1 % y 57,1 % respectivamente, 36 de los pacientes necesitaron dos sesiones de moxa para eliminar su manifestación clínica inicial. Conclusiones: la totalidad de los pacientes expresaron sentirse satisfechos con la terapia (AU)

Asthma is one of non transmitted chronic diseases of greater impact by its morbidity and mortality. Objective: to evaluate the treatment with moxibustion in patients with slight crisis of bronchial asthma in the emergency service at the polyclinic Carlos Juan Finlay during the year 2008. Method: a prospective analytic intervention study was carried out in patients that came to the emergency service with slight crisis of bronchial asthma. The universe of study was made up of 84 patients. The sample was constituted by 44 patients with sibilant and/or rhonchus rales criteria; it was taken in consideration the physical examination carried out by the doctor on call for the detection of clinical manifestations. The study consisted of three phases for its realization, one for detection, another for intervention with the indirect moxibustion treatment technique and a last one of evaluation for the doctor on call. Results: the predominant manifestations were: cough, the dyspnea and the dry rale in 100 %; followed by expectoration, the anxiety with 88,1 % and 57,1 % respectively, 36 of patients needed two sessions of moxa to eliminate their initial clinical manifestation. Conclusions: all the patients expressed to feel satisfied with the therapy (AU)

Actividad analgésica del extracto acuoso liofilizado de las hojas de Bixa orellana L. en ratones albinos / Analgesic activity of the lyophilized aqueous extract of the leaves of Bixa orellana L. in albino mice

Se realizó un estudio experimental con el objetivo de evaluar el efecto analgésico del extracto acuoso liofilizado de las hojas de Bixa orellana L, a dosis de 100 y 150 mgkg-l administrado por vía oraL Para el desarrollo del mismo se utilizaron los Métodos de "Hot-plate" y "Contorsiones abdominales". Los animales seleccionados fueron ratones albinos machos de la cepa Balb/C53, con un peso corporal comprendido entre 23.67+ l.03g. Se utilizaron como controles positivos paracetamol e indometacina a dosis de 400 mgkg-l y 10 mgKg-l, respectivamente. Bixa orellana L. presenta actividad analgésica a nivel periférico, en el modelo de contorsiones abdominales, directamente proporcional a la dosis, bajo las condiciones experimentales.

Identificacion de factores de riesgo externo ocupacional del personal de enfermeria del Hospital General Universitario de la Samaritana / Identification of external occupational risk factors in nursing personnel from Hospital General Universitario de la Samaritana

La poblacion de estudio fueron 72 empleados de enfermeria en las areas criticas de urgencias, UCI y quirurgicas, del hospital universitario de La Samaritana en Bogota, 1987. En la observacion directa a la planta fisica se detecto la deficiencia en el estado locativo. La iluminacion, ventilacion, y temperaturas son inadecuados para el buen desempeno del personal. -Se detecto la falta de tecnica aseptica y de medidas de prevencion y proteccion en el personal de enfermeria, contribuyendo a una alta incidencia de factores de riesgo y seguridad. -El stress es un factor qu afecta el buen desempeno del personal, causado principalmente por deficiencias en recursos humanos y materiales, falta de incentivos y monotonia. -Se encontro gran incidencia de sobrecarga muscular por el mal uso de la mecanica corporal y la falta de mantenimiento de los equipos.