Combustibles, comportamiento del fuego y emisiones en un pastizal y una sabana artificiales en Chiapas, México

Introducción: Se utilizan quemas como parte del manejo de pastos introducidos en Chiapas, lo cual puede derivar en incendios forestales. Objetivos: obtener la carga de combustibles, comportamiento del fuego, emisiones de CO2 y derivar aspectos de seguridad durante el combate de incendios en pastizales y sabanas artificiales de pasto jaragua (Hyparrhenia rufa Nees.), debido a la falta de información sobre estos temas. Métodos: Se estudiaron un pastizal y una sabana, ambos de pasto jaragua, en las comunidades California y Flores Magón, respectivamente, en la Reserva de la Biosfera La Sepultura. Se midieron cargas de combustibles previos y posteriores a las quemas. Se condujeron seis quemas prescritas (tres a favor de viento y pendiente y tres en contra), en cada uno de los dos tipos de vegetación analizados, y se midieron variables meteorológicas, así como variables de comportamiento del fuego. Las emisiones se estimaron multiplicando la carga de combustibles consumida por una constante de emisión. Resultados: En el pastizal las medias fueron: carga inicial, 6.214 t/ha; carga residual, 0.107 t/ha, emisión de CO2, 10.449 t/ha. Para la sabana, los valores alcanzaron: 14.119, 2.161 y 20.460 t/ha, respectivamente, sin diferencias para las cargas previas y posteriores a la quema entre las quemas. Para el pastizal, las quemas a favor alcanzaron: 3.92 m, 1.83 m y 22.3 m/min para longitud y profundidad de llama y velocidad de propagación, mientras que tales valores para las quemas en contra, fueron: 1.07 m, 0.23 m y 0.67 m/min, con diferencias entre tipos de quema. Para la sabana, las quemas a favor alcanzaron 5.89 m (longitud de llama), 1.53 m (profundidad de llama) y 45.5 m/min (velocidad de propagación), mientras que para las quemas en contra tales valores fueron: 2.21 m, 0.76 m y 2.8 m/min, respectivamente. En todos los casos se reportan diferencias significativas. Conclusiones: El comportamiento del fuego, en particular en la sabana estudiada, es peligroso, por lo cual una buena prescripción y mucha precaución deben preverse durante quemas controladas o prescritas. Asimismo, un combate directo por el frente del fuego puede resultar muy peligroso, por lo cual debe evitarse y mejor combatir por la cola del incendio y esperar a que el frente avance en contra del viento y pendiente para combatirlo.

Introduction: Burns are part of the management of introduced grasses in Chiapas, Mexico, and this may derive in forest fires. Objectives: To determine fuel load, fire behavior, CO2 emissions, and to get fire-fighting security issues for jaragua (Hyparrhenia rufa Nees.) grasslands and savannas. Methods: An artificial jaragua grassland and an artificial jaragua savanna were studied at the California and Flores Magón communities, respectively, in La Sepultura Biosphere Reserve. Were measured pre and post-fire fuel loads. Six prescribed burns (three heading and three backing fires) were conducted in each, grassland and savanna, and were measured meteorological as well as fire behavior variables. Emissions were estimated multiplying the consumed fuel load by an emission constant. Results: In the grassland, were obtained the following averages: fuel load, 6.214 t/ha; residual load, 0.107 t/ha, and CO2 emission, 10.449 t CO2/ha. For the savanna, were recorded 14.119, 2.161 and 20.460 t CO2/ha, respectively, without differences for the pre and post-fire fuel loads between heading and backing fires. For the grassland, the heading fires reached 3.92 m, 1.83 m and 22.3 m/min for flame length, flame depth and fire propagation rate, while for backing fires such values were, respectively: 1.07, 0.23 and 0.67 m/min, with significant differences. For the savanna, heading fires yielded 5.89 m (flame length), 1.53 m (flame depth) and 45.5 m/min (propagation rate), while for backing fires that values were 2.21, 0.76 and 2.8 m/min, also with significant differences. Conclusions: Under the studied environmental conditions, particularly in the savanna, fire behavior is dangerous so a good prescription and more care must be taken for conducting controlled or prescribed burns. For forest fires, direct firefighting by the head of the fire must be avoided, for is too dangerous; instead it is recommended a firefighting by the back of the fire as well as waiting for a backing fire-advance of it after the fire reaches a ridge.

Atención estomatológica a pacientes en protocolo para trasplante de órgano / Stomatological care for patients with organ transplantation protocol

El trasplante es el reemplazo con propósitos terapéuticos de órganos, tejidos, material celular para un humano, donado usualmente de otro humano vivo o muerto. En recientes años, el trasplante de órganos se ha desarrollado por la tecnología quirúrgica médica y los medicamentos inmunosupresores. Debido a la frecuencia de trasplantes que se realizan, es común atender a pacientes trasplantados en el consultorio dental para recibir tratamiento estomatológico. Objetivo: Revisión de literatura con respecto a las manifestaciones bucales en pacientes trasplantados y el tratamiento estomatológico antes y después del trasplante. Material y métodos: Se revisaron artículos de la literatura que se obtuvieron de la base de datos de PubMed y MedLine. Resultados y conclusión: Describimos las manifestaciones bucales más comunes debido a los medicamentos en pacientes trasplantados (infecciones virales, bacterianas, fúngicas, alteraciones gingivales y xerostomía); además del tratamiento estomatológico que deben recibir los pacientes trasplantados antes y después de ser trasplantado (AU)

Transplantation is the replacement for therapeutic purposes of organs, tissues, cellular material for a human, usually donated from another living or dead human. In recent years organ transplantation has been developed by medical surgical technology and immunosuppressive drugs. Due to the frequency of transplants that are performed it is common to treat transplant patients in the dental office to receive stomatological treatment. Objective: Review of literature regarding oral manifestations in transplant patients and stomatological treatment before and after transplantation. Material and methods: Literature articles that were obtained from the PubMed and MedLine databases were reviewed. Results and conclusion: We describe the most common oral manifestations due to drugs in transplant patients (viral, bacterial, fungal infections, gingival alterations, xerostomia, and the stomatological treatment that transplant patients should receive before and after being transplanted (AU)

In the (sub)tropics allergic rhinitis and its impact on asthma classification of allergic rhinitis is more useful than perennial-seasonal classification.

BACKGROUND: Two different allergic rhinitis (AR) symptom phenotype classifications exist. Treatment recommendations are based on intermittent-persistent (INT-PER) cataloging, but clinical trials still use the former seasonal AR-perennial AR (SAR-PAR) classification. This study was designed to describe how INT-PER, mild-moderate/severe and SAR-PAR of patients seen by allergists are distributed over the different climate zones in a (sub)tropical country and how these phenotypes relate to allergen sensitization patterns. METHODS: Six climate zones throughout Mexico were determined, based on National Geographic Institute (Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía) data. Subsequent AR patients (2-68 years old) underwent a blinded, standardized skin-prick test and filled out a validated questionnaire phenotyping AR. RESULTS: Five hundred twenty-nine subjects participated in this study. In the tropical zone with 87% house-dust mite sensitization, INT (80.9%; p < 0.001) and PAR (91%; p = 0.04) were more frequent than in the subtropics. In the central high-pollen areas, there was less moderate/severe AR (65.5%; p < 0.005). Frequency of comorbid asthma showed a clear north-south gradient, from 25% in the dry north to 59% in the tropics (p < 0.005). No differences exist in AR cataloging among patients with different sensitization patterns, with two minor exceptions (more PER in tree sensitized and more PAR in mold positives; p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: In a (sub)tropical country the SAR-PAR classification seems of limited value and bears poor relation with the INT-PER classification. INT is more frequent in the tropical zone. Because PER has been shown to relate to AR severity, clinical trials should select patients based on INT-PER combined with the severity cataloging because these make for a better treatment guide than SAR-PAR.