Low Incidence and Mortality by SARS-CoV-2 Infection Among Healthcare Workers in a Health National Center in Mexico: Successful Establishment of an Occupational Medicine Program.

Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Healthcare workers (HCWs) constitute a population which is significantly affected by SARS-CoV-2 infection worldwide. In Mexico, the Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias (INER) is the principal national reference of respiratory diseases. Aim: To evaluate the efficiency of the INER-POL-TRAB-COVID19 program to mitigate the SARS-CoV-2 infection risk among the INER-healthcare workers (INER-HCW). Methods: Currently, the INER has 250 beds and 200 respiratory ventilators to support COVID-19 patients in critical condition. On March 1st, 2020, the INER-POL-TRAB-COVID19 program was launched to mitigate the SARS-CoV-2 infection risk among the INER-HCW. Findings: From March 1st to October 1st, 2020, 71.5% of INER-HCWs were tested for SARS-CoV-2 infection, and 77% of them were frontline workers. Among the tested INER-HCWs, 10.4% were positive for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Nonetheless, nosocomial infection represented only 3.8% of the cases and the mortality was null. Fifty-three of INER-HCWs positive to SARS-CoV-2 had a negative test 42-56 days post-diagnosis and were returned to service. Finally, although a change in the PPE implemented on May 11th, 2020, the incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection was not affected. Conclusion: INER has a lower incidence of HCWs infected with SARS-CoV-2 as compared to the mean of the national report. The implementation of the INER-POL-TRAB-COVID19 program is efficient to decrease the risk of infection among the HCWs. Our findings suggest that the implementation of a similar program at a national level can be helpful to provide a safe environment to HCWs and to prevent the collapse of health institutions.

Bicycle safety in Bogotá: A seven-year analysis of bicyclists' collisions and fatalities.

Road safety research in low- and middle-income countries is limited, even though ninety percent of global road traffic fatalities are concentrated in these locations. In Colombia, road traffic injuries are the second leading source of mortality by external causes and constitute a significant public health concern in the city of Bogotá. Bogotá is among the top 10 most bike-friendly cities in the world. However, bicyclists are one of the most vulnerable road-users in the city. Therefore, assessing the pattern of mortality and understanding the variables affecting the outcome of bicyclists' collisions in Bogotá is crucial to guide policies aimed at improving safety conditions. This study aims to determine the spatiotemporal trends in fatal and nonfatal collision rates and to identify the individual and contextual factors associated with fatal outcomes. We use confidence intervals, geo-statistics, and generalized additive mixed models (GAMM) corrected for spatial correlation. The collisions' records were taken from Bogotá's Secretariat of Mobility, complemented with records provided by non-governmental organizations (NGO). Our findings indicate that from 2011 to 2017, the fatal bicycling collision rates per bicyclists' population have remained constant for females while decreasing 53 % for males. Additionally, we identified high-risk areas located in the west, southwest, and southeast of the city, where the rate of occurrence of fatal events is higher than what occurs in other parts of the city. Finally, our results show associated risk factors that differ by sex. Overall, we find that fatal collisions are positively associated with factors including collisions with large vehicles, the absence of dedicated infrastructure, steep terrain, and nighttime occurrence. Our findings support policy-making and planning efforts to monitor, prioritize, and implement targeted interventions aimed at improving bicycling safety conditions while accounting for gender differences.

[Proximal tibial valgus osteotomy semi-invasive technique. A report on 66 cases]. / Osteotomía tibial proximal valguizante. Técnica semiinvasiva. Reporte de 66 casos.

The purpose of the present study is to report sixty six high tibial lateral osteotomies (HTO) make on patients with osteoarthrosis of the medial compartment, using modified semi invasive technique. With this technique the incision is 5-6 mm, fibular head is not resect, biceps femoris tendon is not cut, no internal fixation is place; the median follow-up was 6.4 years. The status of the patient at the final follow-up was analyzed using Knee Society Score (KSS), and Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). An average of 85 points was achieved after HTO compared to 55 points preoperative and 83 points after HTO compared to 51 points preoperative, was obtained at the evaluation with KSS. The only complication was superficial infections (4%). Serious complications did not appear. There was not pseudoarthrosis.

Motivos de hospitalización en pacientes con tuberculosis pulmonar en un hospital de referencia / Reasons for medical admission in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis in a referral institute

Objetivo: Determinar la prevaíencia de complicaciones torácicas en pacientes con tuberculosis pulmonar hospitalizados en el Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias (INER). Lugar del estudio: INER, centro de tercer nivel y referencia dedicado a la atención médica especializada, docencia e investigación de enfermedades respiratorias. Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo con la revisión de los expedientes clínicos de pacientes con tuberculosis pulmonar ingresados al INER, en un período que comprendió del 1 de julio al 31 de diciembre de 2003. Resultados: De los 124 pacientes con tuberculosis pulmonar que acudieron al INER durante el período de estudio, 62.9% (78/124) fueron hospitalizados; 44.9% (35/78) del sexo masculino; mediana de edad, 44.5 años (rango 16-78); el diagnóstico bacteriológico se hizo por baciloscopía en 51.3% (40/78); sólo por cultivo, 5.1% (4/78) y por baciloscopía y cultivo, 43.6% (34/78). Del total de pacientes, 66.6% (52/78) se clasificaron en la categoría I de la Organización Mundial de la Salud. La prevaíencia de diabetes mellitus fue 43.7% (31/78). Los motivos de hospitalización fueron: 46.2% (36/78) para diagnóstico; hemoptisis, 34.6% (27/78); infecciones, 5.2% (4/78) y otros motivos, 14.0% (11/78). Presentaron bronquiectasias, 85.7% (66/78); neumonía, 6.4% (5/78); neumonía por Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 5.1% (4/78); empierna, 5.1% (4/78); fístula broncopleural, 3.9% (3/78); aspergiloma, 2.6% (2/78); compresión tráqueo-bronquial, 1.3% (l/78) y fibrotórax, 12.8% (10/78). Conclusiones: Los pacientes hospitalizados en el INER por tuberculosis pulmonar manifestaron una elevada frecuencia de complicaciones, especialmente de bronquiectasias y hemoptisis. Casi 44% de los pacientes presentó diabetes mellitus; uno de cada dos fue hospitalizado para diagnóstico.

Purpose: To determine the prevalence of thoracic complications in hospitalized patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. Setting: National referral hospital for the care, teaching and investigation of respiratory diseases. Material and methods: This study is based on the retrospective analysis of pulmonary tuberculosis patients admitted from July 1 to December 31, 2003 and was conducted at The National Institute of Respiratory Diseases (INER), Mexico. Results: Seventy eight patients with pulmonary tuberculosis were included in the six month period; 35 (44.9%) were male; the bacteriological diagnosis was done by sputum smear in 51.3% (40/78), culture in 5.1% (4/78) and sputum smear and culture in 43.6% (34/78). Patients were classified as WHO category I in 66.7% (52/78); 43.7% had diabetes mellitus (31/78). Admission causes: for diagnosis in 46.2% (36/78); hemoptysis in 34.6% (27/78); infection in 5.2% (4/78); other causes in 14.0% (11/78); bronchiectasis were present in 85.7% (66/ 77); pneumonia in 6.4% (5/78); Mycobacterium tuberculosis pneumonia in 5.1% (4/78); empyema in 5.1% (4/78); bronchopleural fistula in 3.9% (3/ 78); aspergilloma in 2.6% (2/78); tracheobronchial obstruction in 1.3% (1/78); fibrothorax in 12.8% (10/78). Conclusions: Hospitalized pulmonary tuberculosis patients show an elevated rate of pulmonary complications. Almost half had diabetes mellitus; almost half were hospitalized for diagnosis.

Resultados de taatamiento de tuberculosis resisente en 91 pacientes del instittuto nacional de enfermedades respiratorias: 2001-2003

Introducción: La tuberculosis persiste como un problema mundial de salud pública. Aliviar la enfermedad, el sufrimiento y la muerte de los individuos causados por la tuberculosis es la principal inquietud humanitaria y requiere un enfoque de responsabilidad política social y económica centrado en el paciente para el control de esta enfermedad. Material y métodos: Se revisaron los expedientes de 91 pacientes con diagnóstico de tuberculosis farmacorresistente que fueron referidos al Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias por los servicios de salud de los distintos estados del país y del Distrito Federal. Los casos fueron clasificados al final, acorde con los criterios establecidos por la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Resultados: En el Grupo 1 el éxito fue del 63%, en el Grupo 2 del 100% y en el Grupo 3 del 41.8%. En el total de los tres grupos la tasa de éxito fue del 49%. Al hacer el análisis de estado por estado, los resultados menos favorables fueron Morelos con 0%, Puebla 25%, México 38%, y Distrito Federal 58% (7 de 12). Los mejores resultados obtenidos fueron en Veracruz con 77%, Guerrero con 75%, y Chiapas con 71%. Lo que hace evidente que la distancia no fue un factor de riesgo para el fracaso del tratamiento. Conclusiones: Los bajos resultados del estudio obligan a pensar que la prioridad es prevenir la aparición de casos multifarmacorresistentes al asegurar mejores tasas de curación, y reducir la diseminación de la enfermedad al tratar en forma eficiente a todos los casos nuevos.

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) persists as a public health world-wide problem. The principal human concern is to cure, relieve the suffering and reduce the mortality caused by this disease. A serious problem is the increasing prevalence of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis which contributes to the failure to erradicate TB. This requires an approach based on political, social and economic responsibility focused on the patient for TB control. Methods: We analyzed ninety-one files of patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis that were referred to the Institute by health services of different states and Mexico City. The cases were classified according to the criteria established by the World Health Organization (WHO). Results: In Group 1, the success rate was 63%, in Group 2 was 100% and in Group 3 was 41.8%. In the three groups the rate of success was 49%. After analyzing data by state, the worst results were from Morelos with 0%, Puebla 25%, Mexico state 38% and Mexico City with 58% (7 of 12). The best results were from Veracruz with 77%, Guerrero 75% and Chiapas 71%. This makes evident that the distance from the reference center is not a risk factor for treatment failure. Conclusions: It is imperative to prevent new cases of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis by increasing the rate of cure and to reduce the dissemination of the disease by efficiently treating all new cases.

Correlación adenosindesaminasa/linfocitos en el líquido pleural de origen tuberculoso / Adenosindeaminase/lymphocyte correlation in pleural liquid of tuberculosis

El presente estudio fue llevado a cabo para evaluar prospectivamente la correlación entre la actividad de la adenosindesaminasa, (ADA) y la proporción de linfocitos en líquido pleural en una región de alta prevalancia de tuberculosis. Durante el periodo de 1991 a 1996 se estudiaron 222 pacientes que ingresaron al Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias con diagnóstico de derrame pleural tuberculoso (TB) y secundario a cáncer (Ca). Hubo 133 TB y 89 Ca, (146 hombres y 76 mujeres). Todos los pacientes fueron diagnosticados con los métodos convencionales. La edad promedio de los pacientes con TB fue 42 ñ 17 y los Ca 61 ñ 13, (-x ñ D.E.). El nivel medio de la actividad de la ADA en el grupo TB (101.6 ñ 41.3 U/L) fue significativamente más alto (p< 0.0001) que en Ca (24.3 ñ 19.1). El porcentaje de linfocitos en el líquido pleural de los pacientes con TB fue 75.5 ñ 16.6 contra 66.8 ñ 17.1 de los Ca (p < 0.0001). La relación entre los niveles de ADA y el porcentaje de linfocitos en líquido pleural de los dos grupos estudiados produjo una significativa curva de regresión (r = 0.750, p< 0.0001), la cual mostró una correlación positiva entre estos dos parámetros. Estos resultados nos sugieren: 1) que la ADA puede ser un buen marcador de inmunidad mediada por células y 2) que existe una buena correlación entre los niveles de ADA y la proporción de linfocitos en líquido pleural tuberculoso