[Histoplasmosis of the central nervous system in an immunocompetent patient]. / Histoplasmosis del sistema nervioso central en un paciente inmunocompetente.

Histoplasmosis is a multifaceted condition caused by the dimorphic fungi Histoplasma capsulatum whose infective spores are inhaled and reach the lungs, the primary organ of infection. The meningeal form, considered one of the most serious manifestations of this mycosis, is usually seen in individuals with impaired cellular immunity such as patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, systemic lupus erythematous or solid organ transplantation, and infants given their immunological immaturity. The most common presentation is self-limited and occurs in immunocompetent individuals who have been exposed to high concentrations of conidia and mycelia fragments of the fungi. In those people, the condition is manifested by pulmonary disorders and late dissemination to other organs and systems. We report a case of central nervous system histoplasmosis in an immunocompetent child.

Histoplasmosis del sistema nervioso central en un paciente inmunocompetente / Histoplasmosis of the central nervous system in an immunocompetent patient

La histoplasmosis es una afección polifacética producida por el hongo dimorfo Histoplasma capsulatum , cuyas esporas son inhaladas y llegan al pulmón, órgano primario de infección. La forma meníngea, considerada como una de las manifestaciones más graves de esta micosis, suele presentarse en individuos con alteraciones en la inmunidad celular: pacientes con síndrome de inmunodeficiencia humana adquirida, con lupus eritematoso sistémico o con trasplante de órgano sólido, así como en lactantes, debido a su inmadurez inmunológica. La forma de presentación más usual es de resolución espontánea y se observa en individuos inmunocompetentes que se han expuesto a altas concentraciones de conidias y fragmentos miceliares del hongo. En estas personas, la afección se manifiesta por trastornos pulmonares y por la posterior diseminación a otros órganos y sistemas. Se presenta un caso de histoplasmosis del sistema nervioso central en un niño inmunocompetente.

Histoplasmosis is a multifaceted condition caused by the dimorphic fungi Histoplasma capsulatum whose infective spores are inhaled and reach the lungs, the primary organ of infection. The meningeal form, considered one of the most serious manifestations of this mycosis, is usually seen in individuals with impaired cellular immunity such as patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, systemic lupus erythematous or solid organ transplantation, and infants given their immunological immaturity. The most common presentation is self-limited and occurs in immunocompetent individuals who have been exposed to high concentrations of conidia and mycelia fragments of the fungi. In those people, the condition is manifested by pulmonary disorders and late dissemination to other organs and systems. We report a case of central nervous system histoplasmosis in an immunocompetent child.

Anticuerpos Anti-C1q como marcadores de compromiso renal en pacientes con lupus eritematoso sistémico / Anti-C1q antibodies as markers of renal compromise in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus

Resumen El compromiso renal en el lupus eritematoso sistémico (LES) es uno de los mayores determinantes del curso y pronóstico de estos pacientes. Existe evidencia de la asociación de anticuerpos anti-C1q y el desarrollo de nefritis lúpica. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la prevalencia de anticuerpos anti-C1q y su asociación con nefritis lúpica en pacientes colombianos con LES. Métodos: Estudio de corte transversal en el cual se incluyeron 80 pacientes con diagnóstico de LES según criterios del Colegio Americano de Reumatología. La cuantificación de anticuerpos anti-C1q séricos se realizó por ELISA, se consideraron positivas concentraciones ≥15 U/ml. Resultados: Los pacientes eran predominantemente mujeres (87%) y 43,7% tuvieron proteinuria >0,5 g/día, la cual fue más común en pacientes jóvenes y apareció tempranamente en la enfermedad. Cuarenta y cuatro (55%) de los pacientes tenían anticuerpos anti-C1q positivos, en quienes la proteinuria fue más frecuente (OR=4.3, IC95% 1.7 - 11, p=0.003). Se encontró correlación inversa débil entre los títulos de anti-C1q, el consumo de C3 (r=-0.54, p<0.001) y la depuración de creatinina (r=-0.33, p=0.035); una correlación directa débil, con la proteinuria (r=0.35, p=0.024) y la actividad de la enfermedad, la cual se determinó con el Índice de Actividad de Enfermedad (SLEDAI) (r=0.48, p<0.0001). Conclusiones: Los anticuerpos anti-C1q pueden ser útiles en la evaluación de la nefritis lúpica activa, y podrían ser implementados como un marcador diagnóstico de nefritis lúpica y como un posible marcador de actividad de la enfermedad en pacientes con LES, tal como lo ha sugerido la Liga Europea contra el Reumatismo (EULAR).

Summary Renal involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is one of the major determinants Anti-C1q antibodies of the course and prognosis of these patients. There is evidence of the association of Anti-DNA antibodies anti-C1q antibodies and the development of lupus nephritis. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of anti-C1q antibodies and its association with lupus nephritis in Colombian patients with SLE. Methods: 80 SLE patients as defined by the American College of Rheumatology criteria. Quantification of anti-C1q antibodies in patients' sera was performed by ELISA and concentrations greater than 15U/ml were considered positive. Results: Patients were predominantly women (87%) and 43.7% of them had proteinuria > 0.5 g / 24 hours which was more common in younger patients and early in the course of the disease. Forty-four (55%) of patients had positive anti-C1q, in whom, proteinuria was more frequent (OR = 4.3 95% CI 1.7 - 11, p = 0.003). A weak inverse correlation between anti-C1q titers, C3 consumption (r = -0.54, p <0.001) and creatinine clearance was found (r = -0.33, p = 0.035); similarly, we also found a weak direct correlation with proteinuria (r = 0.35, p = 0.024) and disease activity ascertained with the Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI) (r = 0.48, p <0.0001). Conclusions: Anti-C1q antibodies might be valuable for the evaluation of active lupus nephritis, and might be valuable for the evaluation of active lupus nephritis, and could be included as a diagnostic marker of lupus nephritis and maybe as a marker for disease activity, as suggested by the European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR).

Correlation between the response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens and the tuberculin skin test in patients with rheumatoid arthritis in Colombia / Correlación de la respuesta a antígenos de Mycobacterium tuberculosis y la prueba cutánea de tuberculina en pacientes con artritis reumatoide

Introduction. Rheumatoid arthritis patients under treatment with anti-TNF-α are at a high risk of developing active tuberculosis, and therefore, screening for latent tuberculosis infection is recommended before anti-TNF-α therapy. Objective. To compare the tuberculin test and IFNγ production induced by culture filtrate proteins(CFPs) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific CFP-10 antigens in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Materials and methods. An analytic transversal study was conducted in rheumatoid arthritis patients treated at Hospital Universitario San Vicente Fundación between January and December 2007. IFNγ production in response to CFPs and CFP-10 was measured in the supernatants of whole blood cultures and evaluated for correlations with tuberculin reactivity. The degree of concordance between both tests was also established. Results. Forty-five patients were included, of which 14 (31.1%) had a tuberculin reaction of ≥10 mm of induration, 9 (20%) produced IFNγ in response to CFP-10, and 7 were positive for both tests. The correlation between tests was r=0.53 (IC 95%:0.28-0.72), and the global concordance between tests was80%, with a Kappa coefficient of 0.48 (IC95%:0.20-0.76). Conclusions. Only two tuberculin (-)/CFP-10+ "anergic" patients were observed. By contrast, six tuberculin +/CFP-10(-) "tuberculin false-positive" patients were observed. These data suggest that the tuberculin test is not an appropriate tool for determining the need for tuberculosis prophylaxis.

Introducción. Los pacientes con artritis reumatoide bajo tratamiento con anti-TNFα están en alto riesgo de desarrollar tuberculosis activa, por lo cual se recomienda hacer la tamización para infección latente de tuberculosis, antes de iniciar el tratamiento. Objetivo. Comparar la prueba de tuberculina y la producción de IFNγ inducida por antígenos CFP (Culture Filtrate Protein) y antígenos específicos de Mycobacterium tuberculosis (CFP-10) para el diagnóstico de infección latente de tuberculosis en pacientes con artritis reumatoide. Materiales y métodos. Se llevó a cabo un estudio transversal analítico en pacientes con artritis reumatoide atendidos en el Hospital Universitario San Vicente Fundación, entre enero y diciembre de 2007, a los cuales se les determinó la producción de IFNγ en respuesta a CFP y CFP-10 en sobrenadantes de cultivos de sangre total, y se correlacionó con la reacción en la prueba de tuberculina. Además, se estableció el grado de concordancia entre ambas pruebas. Resultados. Se incluyeron 45 pacientes, de los cuales, 14 (31,1 %) tuvieron un diámetro de induración ≥10 mm (tuberculina positiva), nueve (20 %) produjeron IFNγ en respuesta a CFP-10, y siete fueron positivos para ambas pruebas. La correlación entre las pruebas fue de r=0,53 (IC95%: 0,28-0,72) y la concordancia global entre pruebas fue de 80 %, con un coeficiente kappa de 0,48 (IC95%: 0,20-0,76). Conclusiones. Solo se observaron dos pacientes con tuberculina positiva y CFP-10 positivo "anérgicos" y se encontraron seis pacientes con tuberculina positiva y CFP-10 negativa "falsos positivos para tuberculina", lo cual sugiere que la prueba de la tuberculina no es la más adecuada para indicar profilaxis para tuberculosis.

Correlation between the response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens and the tuberculin skin test in patients with rheumatoid arthritis in Colombia.

INTRODUCTION: Rheumatoid arthritis patients under treatment with anti-TNF-α are at a high risk of developing active tuberculosis, and therefore, screening for latent tuberculosis infection is recommended before anti-TNF-α therapy. OBJECTIVE: To compare the tuberculin test and IFNγ production induced by culture filtrate proteins(CFPs) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific CFP-10 antigens in rheumatoid arthritis patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An analytic transversal study was conducted in rheumatoid arthritis patients treated at Hospital Universitario San Vicente Fundación between January and December 2007. IFNγ production in response to CFPs and CFP-10 was measured in the supernatants of whole blood cultures and evaluated for correlations with tuberculin reactivity. The degree of concordance between both tests was also established. RESULTS: Forty-five patients were included, of which 14 (31.1%) had a tuberculin reaction of ≥10 mm of induration, 9 (20%) produced IFNγ in response to CFP-10, and 7 were positive for both tests. The correlation between tests was r=0.53 (IC 95%:0.28-0.72), and the global concordance between tests was80%, with a Kappa coefficient of 0.48 (IC95%:0.20-0.76). CONCLUSIONS: Only two tuberculin (-)/CFP-10+ "anergic" patients were observed. By contrast, six tuberculin +/CFP-10(-) "tuberculin false-positive" patients were observed. These data suggest that the tuberculin test is not an appropriate tool for determining the need for tuberculosis prophylaxis.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens specifically modulate CCR2 and MCP-1/CCL2 on lymphoid cells from human pulmonary hilar lymph nodes.

Macrophages and dendritic cells are involved in the immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Such a response, although extensively studied using animal models and cells from human blood, has not been characterized in cells from pulmonary hilar lymph nodes (PHLN). We characterized populations of myeloid APC from PHLN and determined their expression of CCR2, CCR5, CCR7, CD40, CD54, CD80, and CD86 as well as the cytokine/chemokine microenvironment before and after purified protein derivative (PPD) and mannosilated lipoarabinomannan (ManLAM) stimulation. Results show that there are at least three APC populations in PHLN, defined as CD14highHLA-DRlow/-, CD14dimHLA-DRdim, and CD14-HLA-DRhigh/dendritic cells (DC), with the largest number represented by CD14dimHLA-DRdim cells (where dim indicates intermediate levels). CD14-HLA-DRhigh/DC expressed higher levels of costimulatory molecules and lower levels of CCR2 and CCR5, but all cell populations showed similar CCR7 levels. PPD and ManLAM specifically down-regulated CCR2 expression but not that of CCR5 and CCR7, and such down-regulation was observed on all APC populations. Mtb Ag did not affect the expression of costimulatory molecules. PPD but not ManLAM specifically induced MCP-1/CCL2 production, which was likely associated with the induction of IFN-gamma because this cytokine was highly induced by PPD. We characterized, for the first time, different APC from human PHLN and show that Mtb Ag exert fine and specific regulation of molecules closely associated with the immune response to Mtb infection. Because knowledge of this response in secondary lymphoid tissues is still poorly understood in humans, such studies are necessary and important for a better understanding of lymphoid cell microenvironment and migrating capacities and their role in the immunopathogenesis of tuberculosis.

Chemokine/cytokine production by mononuclear cells from human lymphoid tissues and their modulation by Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens.

The majority of knowledge about the role of cytokines and chemokines in controlling Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection mainly derives from animal models. In humans, this knowledge is still mainly limited to the blood compartment or accessible lymphoid organs, such as tonsils. Here, we studied cytokine and chemokine production and their modulation by M. tuberculosis antigens in mononuclear cells from human blood, spleen and hilar lung lymph nodes. Results show that the kinetics and magnitude of cytokine and chemokine production varied according to the tissue of cell origin. Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens enhanced cytokine and chemokine production in blood, but the enhancement was restricted in spleen and hilar lung lymph node cells. We show, for the first time in humans, differences in cytokine and chemokine microenvironments according to lymphoid tissues, and suggest that these differences may affect the way cells respond to M. tuberculosis infection.