Ecografía clínica en la enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica / Clinical ultrasonography in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

La EPOC es una enfermedad con una elevada prevalencia y representa uno de los motivos más frecuentes de ingreso en los servicios de Medicina Interna. Además, presenta una importante morbimortalidad asociada. En los últimos años la ecografía clínica multiórgano (pulmonar, cardiaca y vascular) ha surgido como una herramienta de gran utilidad en el manejo de estos pacientes en múltiples situaciones. Entre ellas podemos destacar el diagnóstico diferencial de la disnea de origen incierto, la evaluación de la etiología en los episodios de exacerbación, la detección de insuficiencia cardiaca concomitante o de hipertensión pulmonar asociada y como apoyo en el manejo de algunos factores de riesgo cardiovascular, como la ateroesclerosis subclínica. En este trabajo se resumen las evidencias más importantes al respecto y se plantean escenarios futuros en el uso de los ultrasonidos que permitan mejorar el diagnóstico, la estimación pronóstica y la selección del tratamiento óptimo en este tipo de pacientes

COPD is a highly prevalent disease and one of the most common reasons for hospitalization in Internal Medicine departments. COPD also has significant associated morbidity and mortality. In recent years, multiorgan clinical ultrasonography (pulmonary, cardiac and vascular) has emerged as a tool of considerable usefulness in managing patients with COPD in numerous situations, including the differential diagnosis of dyspnoea of uncertain origin, the assessment of the aetiology in episodes of exacerbation, detecting concomitant heart failure or associated pulmonary hypertension and as support in managing cardiovascular risk factors such as subclinical atherosclerosis. This study summarises the most important evidence regarding this approach and proposes future scenarios for the use of ultrasonography that will help improve the diagnosis, prognostic estimations and the selection of the optimal treatment for this type of patient

Clinical ultrasonography in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. / Ecografía clínica en la enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica.

COPD is a highly prevalent disease and one of the most common reasons for hospitalization in Internal Medicine departments. COPD also has significant associated morbidity and mortality. In recent years, multiorgan clinical ultrasonography (pulmonary, cardiac and vascular) has emerged as a tool of considerable usefulness in managing patients with COPD in numerous situations, including the differential diagnosis of dyspnoea of uncertain origin, the assessment of the aetiology in episodes of exacerbation, detecting concomitant heart failure or associated pulmonary hypertension and as support in managing cardiovascular risk factors such as subclinical atherosclerosis. This study summarises the most important evidence regarding this approach and proposes future scenarios for the use of ultrasonography that will help improve the diagnosis, prognostic estimations and the selection of the optimal treatment for this type of patient.

Consenso para el manejo de pacientes con EPOC según el índice CODEX / Consensus for managing patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease according to the CODEX index

El índice CODEX es la primera escala multicomponente diseñada para predecir el riesgo de mortalidad y reingresos al año en los pacientes hospitalizados por EPOC. Su cálculo incluye las comorbilidades medidas por el índice de Charlson (C), el grado de obstrucción valorado por el FEV1% (O), la disnea estratificada según la escala modificada del Medical Research Council (D) y las exacerbaciones en el año previo (EX). Nuestro objetivo fue elaborar recomendaciones basadas en los diferentes componentes del índice para un manejo terapéutico personalizado. Para ello se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica basada en guías, consensos y revisiones sistemáticas, como base para elaborar recomendaciones sobre: generalidades, comorbilidades, disnea, obstrucción pulmonar, exacerbaciones y seguimiento. Seguidamente, se sometieron a un proceso de valoración externo por un grupo multidisciplinar de 62 expertos. En total se realizaron 108 recomendaciones, de las cuales se alcanzó consenso en 96. Entre ellas se destaca que la EPOC debe considerarse como una enfermedad de riesgo cardiovascular alto y varias recomendaciones específicas sobre el manejo de las diferentes comorbilidades. Se consensuaron los tratamientos aconsejados para los diferentes niveles de obstrucción, disnea y exacerbaciones recomendados en las guías, adaptadas a las puntuaciones del CODEX. Se ofrecen también unos consejos para el seguimiento tras el alta hospitalaria del paciente, en los que se incluyen aspectos sobre la valoración, el tratamiento y la coordinación asistencial

The comorbidity, obstruction, dyspnoea, exacerbations (CODEX) index is the first multicomponent scale designed to predict the risk of readmissions and mortality at 1 year for patients hospitalised for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The index includes the comorbidities (C) (measured by the Charlson index), the degree of obstruction (O) (assessed by the forced expiratory volume in 1 second percentage), dyspnoea (D) (stratified according to the modified Medical Research Council scale) and exacerbations (EX) in the previous year. Our objective was to prepare recommendations based on the index's various components for personalised therapeutic management. To this end, we performed a literature search based on guidelines, consensuses and systematic reviews, as a basis for preparing recommendations on basic concepts, comorbidities, dyspnoea, pulmonary obstruction, exacerbations and follow-up. The recommendations were then subjected to an external assessment process by a multidisciplinary group of 62 experts. In total, 108 recommendations were created, 96 of which achieved consensus, including the recommendation that COPD be considered a high-risk cardiovascular disease, as well as several specific recommendations on managing the various comorbidities. A consensus was reached on the recommended treatments in the guidelines for the various levels of obstruction, dyspnoea and exacerbations, adapted to the CODEX scores. Advice is also offered for patient follow-up after hospital discharge, which includes aspects on assessment, treatment and care coordination

Consensus for managing patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease according to the CODEX index. / Consenso para el manejo de pacientes con EPOC según el índice CODEX.

The comorbidity, obstruction, dyspnoea, exacerbations (CODEX) index is the first multicomponent scale designed to predict the risk of readmissions and mortality at 1 year for patients hospitalised for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The index includes the comorbidities (C) (measured by the Charlson index), the degree of obstruction (O) (assessed by the forced expiratory volume in 1 second percentage), dyspnoea (D) (stratified according to the modified Medical Research Council scale) and exacerbations (EX) in the previous year. Our objective was to prepare recommendations based on the index's various components for personalised therapeutic management. To this end, we performed a literature search based on guidelines, consensuses and systematic reviews, as a basis for preparing recommendations on basic concepts, comorbidities, dyspnoea, pulmonary obstruction, exacerbations and follow-up. The recommendations were then subjected to an external assessment process by a multidisciplinary group of 62 experts. In total, 108 recommendations were created, 96 of which achieved consensus, including the recommendation that COPD be considered a high-risk cardiovascular disease, as well as several specific recommendations on managing the various comorbidities. A consensus was reached on the recommended treatments in the guidelines for the various levels of obstruction, dyspnoea and exacerbations, adapted to the CODEX scores. Advice is also offered for patient follow-up after hospital discharge, which includes aspects on assessment, treatment and care coordination.

Riesgo de fractura osteoporótica y de cadera en pacientes con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica / Risk of osteoporotic fracture and hip fracture in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Antecedentes y objetivos. La osteoporosis es una comorbilidad frecuente en los pacientes con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (EPOC). Hemos examinado el riesgo de fractura osteoporótica mayor y el riesgo de fractura de cadera en pacientes con EPOC. Pacientes y métodos. Se trata de un estudio observacional, multicéntrico, realizado en 26 hospitales de 16 comunidades autónomas de España. Se incluyeron pacientes diagnosticados de EPOC que requirieron ingreso y que fueron admitidos en un Servicio de Medicina Interna por exacerbación de su enfermedad respiratoria. La EPOC se confirmó mediante una espirometría posbroncodilatadora en fase estable: volumen espiratorio máximo en el primer segundo (FEV1) < 80% del valor teórico y cociente (FEV1)/capacidad vital forzada < 0,7 tras la administración de un broncodilatador. La disnea se evaluó con la escala modificada del Medical Research Council (mMRC). La variable principal fue la probabilidad de fractura con la herramienta FRAX® para la población española. Resultados. Se incluyeron 392 pacientes, 347 (88%) varones, con una edad (media y desviación estándar) de 73,7 (8,9) años y un FEV1 de 1,23 l (43,3% del predicho). Sólo 37 pacientes (9,4%; 27 varones y 10 mujeres) habían sido diagnosticados previamente de osteoporosis. Un riesgo >= 20% de sufrir en los siguientes 10 años una fractura osteoporótica mayor lo presentó un 1,8% (intervalo de convianza [IC] 95%: 0,9-3,6) y un riesgo ≥ 3% de padecer una fractura de cadera lo presentó un 49,7% (IC 95%: 44,8-54,7) de los enfermos con EPOC. No se observó relación entre la probabilidad de fractura y el estadio GOLD o la escala de disnea evaluada con la escala mMRC. Conclusiones. En nuestro medio, el diagnóstico de osteoporosis en los pacientes con EPOC es poco frecuente. Sin embargo, la mitad de ellos tiene un riesgo elevado de padecer una fractura de cadera en los próximos 10 años(AU)

Aim. Osteoporosis is a frequent comorbidity in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). We have studied the risk of major osteoporotic fracture and hip fracture in patients with COPD. Patients and methods. A multicenter cross-sectional study was performed in Spain in 26 hospitals of 16 regional communities. Patients diagnosed with COPD who required admission to the Internal Medicine Service due to exacerbation of their respiratory disease were enrolled. COPD was confirmed by post-bronchodilator spirometry in stable state: maximum expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1) < 80% of the theoretical value and quotient FEV1/FVC < 0.70 and percent predicted after the administration of a bronchodilator. Dyspnea was evaluated with the modified Medical Research Council (mMRC) dyspnea scale. The principal variable was the likelihood of fracture evaluated with the FRAX® tool for the Spanish population. Results. Three hundred and ninety two patients, 347 (88%) men, with a mean (SD) age of 73.7 (8.9) years and a mean FEV1 of 1.23 liters (43.3% of predicted) were enrolled. Only 37 patients (9.4%), 27 men and 10 women had been diagnosed previously of osteoporosis. Overall, 1.8% (95% CI: 0.9-3.6) had a 10-year probability of major osteoporotic fracture >= 20% and 49.7% (95% CI: 44.8-54.7) had a probability of hip fracture ≥ 3%. No relationship was observed between the probability of fracture and GOLD stage or mMRC dyspnea scale. Conclusions. The diagnosis of osteoporosis is uncommon in our COPD patients. However, half of them have a high probability of a hip fracture in the next 10 years(AU)

[Risk of osteoporotic fracture and hip fracture in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]. / Riesgo de fractura osteoporótica y de cadera en pacientes con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica.

AIM: Osteoporosis is a frequent comorbidity in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). We have studied the risk of major osteoporotic fracture and hip fracture in patients with COPD. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A multicenter cross-sectional study was performed in Spain in 26 hospitals of 16 regional communities. Patients diagnosed with COPD who required admission to the Internal Medicine Service due to exacerbation of their respiratory disease were enrolled. COPD was confirmed by post-bronchodilator spirometry in stable state: maximum expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1) < 80% of the theoretical value and quotient FEV(1)/FVC < 0.70 and percent predicted after the administration of a bronchodilator. Dyspnea was evaluated with the modified Medical Research Council (mMRC) dyspnea scale. The principal variable was the likelihood of fracture evaluated with the FRAX® tool for the Spanish population. RESULTS: Three hundred and ninety two patients, 347 (88%) men, with a mean (SD) age of 73.7 (8.9) years and a mean FEV1 of 1.23 liters (43.3% of predicted) were enrolled. Only 37 patients (9.4%), 27 men and 10 women had been diagnosed previously of osteoporosis. Overall, 1.8% (95% CI: 0.9-3.6) had a 10-year probability of major osteoporotic fracture ≥ 20% and 49.7% (95% CI: 44.8-54.7) had a probability of hip fracture ≥ 3%. No relationship was observed between the probability of fracture and GOLD stage or mMRC dyspnea scale. CONCLUSIONS: The diagnosis of osteoporosis is uncommon in our COPD patients. However, half of them have a high probability of a hip fracture in the next 10 years.

[Study of the comorbidities in hospitalized patients due to decompensated chronic obstructive pulmonary disease attended in the Internal Medicine Services. ECCO Study]. / Estudio de las comorbilidades en pacientes hospitalizados por descompensación de la enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica atendidos en los servicios de Medicina Interna. Estudio ECCO.

OBJECTIVE: Evaluate comorbidity in patients hospitalized due to COPD in the Internal Medicine services. METHODS: An observational, prospective and multicenter study. The Charlson index and a specific questionnaire were used. RESULTS: A total of 398 patients, 353 men (89%), with mean age of 73.7 years (8.9) and mean FEV(1) of 43.2% (12.5), were included. The most frequent comorbidities were: arterial hypertension (55%), arrhythmias (27%) and diabetes mellitus (26%). A total of 27% suffered heart failure, 17% coronary disease and 9% previous myocardial infarction. The number of associated chronic diseases was 3.6 (1,8). Score on Charlson index was 2.72 (2). CONCLUSIONS: The patients hospitalized due to decompensated COPD had an elevated comorbidity.

Estudio de las comorbilidades en pacientes hospitalizados por descompensación de la enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica atendidos en los servicios de Medicina Interna. Estudio ECCO / Study of the comorbidities in hospitalized patients due to decompensated chronic obstructive pulmonary disease attended in the Internal Medicine Services. ECCO Study

ObjetivoValorar la comorbilidad en pacientes hospitalizados por enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica en los servicios de Medicina Interna.MétodosEstudio observacional, prospectivo y multicéntrico. Se utilizó el índice de Charlson y un cuestionario específico.ResultadosSe incluyeron 398 pacientes, 353 varones (89%) con una edad media de 73,7 años (8,9) y volumen expiratorio máximo en el primer segundo medio del 43,2% (12,5). Las comorbilidades más frecuentes fueron hipertensión arterial (55%), arritmias (27%) y diabetes mellitus (26%). Un 27% tuvo insuficiencia cardíaca, un 17% tuvo enfermedad coronaria y un 9% tuvo infarto de miocardio previo. El número de enfermedades crónicas asociadas fue de 3,6 (1,8) y la puntuación del índice de Charlson fue de 2,72 (2).ConclusionesLos pacientes hospitalizados por descompensación de la enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica tienen una comorbilidad elevada(AU)

ObjectiveEvaluate comorbidity in patients hospitalized due to COPD in the Internal Medicine services.MethodsAn observational, prospective and multicenter study. The Charlson index and a specific questionnaire were used.ResultsA total of 398 patients, 353 men (89%), with mean age of 73.7 years (8.9) and mean FEV1 of 43.2% (12.5), were included. The most frequent comorbidities were: arterial hypertension (55%), arrhythmias (27%) and diabetes mellitus (26%). A total of 27% suffered heart failure, 17% coronary disease and 9% previous myocardial infarction. The number of associated chronic diseases was 3.6 (1,8). Score on Charlson index was 2.72 (2).ConclusionsThe patients hospitalized due to decompensated COPD had an elevated comorbidity(AU)

Comorbidity and gender-related differences in patients hospitalized for COPD. The ECCO study.

RATIONALE: Patients hospitalized for a COPD exacerbation are usually of advanced age, with functional deterioration, and suffering an increased number of associated conditions, but little is known about gender differences. Our hypothesis is that the frequency and type of comorbidities differ in male and female COPD patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A cross-sectional, multicentre study of patients hospitalized for a COPD exacerbation. All of them had COPD confirmed by baseline forced spirometry with a bronchodilator test. Comorbidity information was collected using the Charlson index, and an ad hoc questionnaire that included other common conditions not included in the Charlson index. RESULTS: We studied 398 patients, 353 men (89%) and 45 women (11%), with a mean (S.D.) age of 73.7 (8.9) years and a percent predicted FEV(1) of 43.2 (12.5). The mean score of the Charlson index was 2.7 (2.0), with no differences by gender; in contrast, the mean number of all comorbid conditions assessed was 3.7 (1.7) in men and 1.8 (1.8) in women (p < 0.05). Overall, 55% of the patients had arterial hypertension, 26% diabetes mellitus, 27% chronic heart failure, and 17% ischemic heart disease. Female COPD patients had a lower prevalence of ischemic heart disease (p = 0.008) and alcoholism (p = 0.03), but presented more frequently with chronic heart failure (p = 0.03), osteoporosis (p = 0.007) and diabetes mellitus without complications (p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: Comorbidities are common in patients hospitalized for a COPD exacerbation, but their relative distribution varies by gender. The exclusive use of the Charlson index underestimates comorbidities in COPD patients.

¿Se siguen las normas de prevención de la insuficiencia renal en los pacientes tratados con IECA/ARA II? / No disponible

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¿Se siguen las normas de prevención de la insuficiencia renal en los pacientes tratados con IECA/ARA II? / No disponible

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Glomerulonefritis proliferativa extracapilar ANCA positivo asociada a bronquiectasias / ANCA-positive extracapillary proliferative glomerulonephritis associated with bronchiectasis

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Varón de 63 años con hemoptisis, dolor pleurítico y masa pulmonar / A 63-year-old male with hemoptysis, pleuritic pain, and lung mass

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[A reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome]. / Síndrome de leucoencefalopatía posterior reversible.

INTRODUCTION AND METHOD: The reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy (RPLS) was initially described by Hinchey et al in patients hospitalized due to different acute process that cause hypertension and renal disease that were being treated with immunosuppressive agents. Clinically it produces an acute or subacute encephalopathy that usually agrees with a fast increase of blood pressure. Neuroimaging technique demonstrated abnormalities involving the white matter, especially bilateral edema in the posterior portions of the cerebral hemispheres, although it can also affect to any other cerebral area, trunk or cerebellum. The production mechanism is not well know. In case of hypertensive encephalopathy and eclampsia of pregnancy it is believed to be caused by vascular and endothelial autoregulation alterations, and when it's related to immunosuppressors the edema seems to have a cytotoxical origin. The particularity that defines the RPLS is that, in most cases, neurological symptoms and white matter lesions disappear after anti hypertensive treatment or when immunosuppressive agents is ceased. CONCLUSION: The RPLS is an uncommon neurological complication, however each time more news cases appear in the medical literature. The excellent evolution and treatment response that these patients show and the full clinical and radiological recuperation suggest the need of its early identification to avoid unnecessary diagnostic studies or wrong treatments.