[Expression of Hemeoxygenase-1 and clear cell renal cell carcinoma aggressiveness.] / Expresión de Hemo Oxigenasa-1 y agresividad del carcinoma renal de células claras.

OBJECTIVE: Hemoxigenase 1 (HO-1) is an enzyme that has anti-apoptotic and proliferative effects on tumor cells. However, there is little epidemiological and clinical evidence on the role of HO-1 in urologic tumors. OBJECTIVE: To determine if there is correlation between the expression of HO-1 and the histological characteristics, evolution, Disease Free Survival (DFS) and cancer mortality in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma (cRCC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective study including 34 patients (9 women and 25 men) with cRCC from the "Servicio de Urología del Policlínico Neuquén" (Argentina) throughout 2003-2008. The expression of HO-1 by Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was determined. The statistical analysis was performed using the Student'sT test and Pearson correlation coefficient (p≤0.05). RESULTS: HO-1 was expressed in the epithelial cells of the tubules from normal kidney tissue and in the cytoplasmof cRCC tumor cells. There were no differences in the HO-1 expression related to the gender, age, tumorsize, stage of disease and 5 years DFS. High FuhrmancRCC had a greater expression of HO-1 compared with low Fuhrman cRCC (p≤0.05). The score of immunostaining for HO-1 was greater in those tumors located in the mesorrenal area, which coincidentally presented a more advanced stage of the disease. CONCLUSIONS: Over expression of HO-1 in tumors located in the interpolar zone and with high Furhman grade suggest that HO-1 could be a good adjunctive marker for the aggressiveness of the cRCC.

OBJETIVO: Hemoxigenasa 1 (HO-1) es una enzima que tiene efectos antiapoptóticos y proliferativos en células tumorales. Sin embargo, existe poca evidencia epidemiológica y clínica sobre el rol de la HO-1 en los tumores urológicos. Objetivo: determinar si existe correlación entre la expresión de HO-1 y las características histológicas, evolución, Sobrevida Libre de Enfermedad (SLE) y mortalidad por cáncer en Carcinomas Renales de Células Claras (cRCC). MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo en 34 pacientes (9 mujeres y 25 hombres) con cRCC del Servicio de Urología del Policlínico Neuquén, reclutados entre los años 2003 y 2008. Se determinó la expresión de HO-1 por Inmunohistoquímica (IHQ). El análisis estadístico se realizó mediante la prueba T de Student y Coeficiente de correlación de Pearson (p<0,05). RESULTADOS: HO-1 se expresó en el epitelio de los túbulos del tejido renal normal y en el citoplasma de las células tumorales de cRCC. No se observaron diferencias en la expresión de HO-1 según género, edad, tamaño tumoral, estadio de la enfermedad y SLE a los 5 años. Los tumores con Fuhrman alto presentaron una mayor expresión de HO-1 que los Furhman bajo (p≤0,05). El score de inmunotinción de HO-1 fue mayor en los tumores localizados en la zona interpolar, que coincidentemente presentaban un estadio más avanzado de la enfermedad. CONCLUSIONES: La sobreexpresión de HO-1 en tumores localizados en la zona interpolar y con grado de Furhman alto sugieren que HO-1 podría ser un buen marcador complementario de la agresividad del cRCC.

Expresión de Hemo Oxigenasa-1 y agresividad del carcinoma renal de células claras / Expression of Hemeoxygenase-1 and clear cell renal cell carcinoma aggressiveness

OBJETIVO: Hemoxigenasa 1 (HO-1) es una enzima que tiene efectos antiapoptóticos y proliferativos en células tumorales. Sin embargo, existe poca evidencia epidemiológica y clínica sobre el rol de la HO-1 en los tumores urológicos. OBJETIVO: determinar si existe correlación entre la expresión de HO-1 y las características histológicas, evolución, Sobrevida Libre de Enfermedad (SLE) y mortalidad por cáncer en Carcinomas Renales de Células Claras (cRCC). MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo en 34 pacientes (9 mujeres y 25 hombres) con cRCC del Servicio de Urología del Policlínico Neuquén, reclutados entre los años 2003 y 2008. Se determinó la expresión de HO-1 por Inmunohistoquímica (IHQ). El análisis estadístico se realizó mediante la prueba T de Student y Coeficiente de correlación de Pearson (p < 0,05). RESULTADOS: HO-1 se expresó en el epitelio de los túbulos del tejido renal normal y en el citoplasma de las células tumorales de cRCC. No se observaron diferencias en la expresión de HO-1 según género, edad, tamaño tumoral, estadio de la enfermedad y SLE a los 5 años. Los tumores con Fuhrman alto presentaron una mayor expresión de HO-1 que los Furhman bajo (p≤0,05). El score de inmunotinción de HO-1 fue mayor en los tumores localizados en la zona interpolar, que coincidentemente presentaban un estadio más avanzado de la enfermedad. CONCLUSIONES: La sobreexpresión de HO-1 en tumores localizados en la zona interpolar y con grado de Furhman alto sugieren que HO-1 podría ser un buen marcador complementario de la agresividad del cRCC

OBJECTIVE: Hemoxigenase 1 (HO-1) is an enzyme that has anti-apoptotic and proliferative effects on tumor cells. However, there is little epidemiological and clinical evidence on the role of HO-1 in urologic tumors. OBJECTIVE: To determine if there is correlation between the expression of HO-1 and the histological characteristics, evolution, Disease Free Survival (DFS) and cancer mortality in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma (cRCC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective study including 34 patients (9 women and 25 men) with cRCC from the "Servicio de Urología del Policlínico Neuquén" (Argentina) throughout 2003-2008. The expression of HO-1 by immunohistochemistry (IHC) was determined. The statistical analysis was performed using the Student's T test and Pearson correlation coefficient (p≤0.05). RESULTS: HO-1 was expressed in the epithelial cells of the tubules from normal kidney tissue and in the cytoplasm of cRCC tumor cells. There were no differences in the HO-1 expression related to the gender, age, tumor size, stage of disease and 5 years DFS. High Fuhrman cRCC had a greater expression of HO-1 compared with low Fuhrman cRCC (p≤0.05). The score of immunostaining for HO-1 was greater in those tumors located in the mesorrenal area, which coincidentally presented a more advanced stage of the disease. CONCLUSIONS: Overexpression of HO-1 in tumors located in the interpolar zone and with high Furhman grade suggest that HO-1 could be a good adjunctive marker for the aggressiveness of the cRCC

Human renal adipose tissue induces the invasion and progression of renal cell carcinoma.

We evaluated the effects of conditioned media (CMs) of human adipose tissue from renal cell carcinoma located near the tumor (hRATnT) or farther away from the tumor (hRATfT), on proliferation, adhesion and migration of tumor (786-O and ACHN) and non-tumor (HK-2) human renal epithelial cell lines. Human adipose tissues were obtained from patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and CMs from hRATnT and hRATfT incubation. Proliferation, adhesion and migration were quantified in 786-O, ACHN and HK-2 cell lines incubated with hRATnT-, hRATfT- or control-CMs. We evaluated versican, adiponectin and leptin expression in CMs from hRATnT and hRATfT. We evaluated AdipoR1/2, ObR, pERK, pAkt y pPI3K expression on cell lines incubated with CMs. No differences in proliferation of cell lines was found after 24 h of treatment with CMs. All cell lines showed a significant decrease in cell adhesion and increase in cell migration after incubation with hRATnT-CMs vs. hRATfT- or control-CMs. hRATnT-CMs showed increased levels of versican and leptin, compared to hRATfT-CMs. AdipoR2 in 786-O and ACHN cells decreased significantly after incubation with hRATfT- and hRATnT-CMs vs. control-CMs. We observed a decrease in the expression of pAkt in HK-2, 786-O and ACHN incubated with hRATnT-CMs. This result could partially explain the observed changes in migration and cell adhesion. We conclude that hRATnT released factors, such as leptin and versican, could enhance the invasive potential of renal epithelial cell lines and could modulate the progression of the disease.

Leptin increases prostate cancer aggressiveness

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Recent studies indicate that adipose tissue and adipocytokines might affect the development of prostate cancer (PCa). Leptin would have a stimulating effect on prostate cancer cells by inducing promotion and progression, whereas adiponectin would have a protective effect. The aim of this study was to determine the relation between body composition, leptin, and adiponectin levels with the prevalence and aggressiveness of PCa in men of Mendoza, Argentina. Seventy volunteers between 50 and 80 years (35 healthy men as control group and 35 with PCa) were selected. The PCa group was subclassified according to the Gleason Score (GS). Digital rectal examination, transrectal ultrasound, and prostatic biopsy were performed; PSA, testosterone, leptin, and adiponectin levels were determined; and a nutritional interview including anthropometric measurements and a food frequency questionnaire was carried out. Statistical analysis was performed by Student t test, ANOVA I, and Bonferroni (p < 0.05). Body mass index and percentage of body fat mass were not statistically different between PCa and control groups. However, body fat mass was higher in subjects with more aggressive tumors (p = 0.032). No differences were observed regarding leptin levels between the groups. Nevertheless, leptin levels were higher in subjects with high GS (p < 0.001). Adiponectin levels showed no statistical differences regarding the presence and aggressiveness of the tumor (p = 0.131). Finally, consumption and nutrient intake did not differ in the studied groups. In conclusion, body composition and leptin are related to the PCa aggressiveness but not with its prevalence (AU)

Leptin increases prostate cancer aggressiveness.

Recent studies indicate that adipose tissue and adipocytokines might affect the development of prostate cancer (PCa). Leptin would have a stimulating effect on prostate cancer cells by inducing promotion and progression, whereas adiponectin would have a protective effect. The aim of this study was to determine the relation between body composition, leptin, and adiponectin levels with the prevalence and aggressiveness of PCa in men of Mendoza, Argentina. Seventy volunteers between 50 and 80 years (35 healthy men as control group and 35 with PCa) were selected. The PCa group was subclassified according to the Gleason Score (GS). Digital rectal examination, transrectal ultrasound, and prostatic biopsy were performed; PSA, testosterone, leptin, and adiponectin levels were determined; and a nutritional interview including anthropometric measurements and a food frequency questionnaire was carried out. Statistical analysis was performed by Student t test, ANOVA I, and Bonferroni (p < 0.05). Body mass index and percentage of body fat mass were not statistically different between PCa and control groups. However, body fat mass was higher in subjects with more aggressive tumors (p = 0.032). No differences were observed regarding leptin levels between the groups. Nevertheless, leptin levels were higher in subjects with high GS (p < 0.001). Adiponectin levels showed no statistical differences regarding the presence and aggressiveness of the tumor (p = 0.131). Finally, consumption and nutrient intake did not differ in the studied groups. In conclusion, body composition and leptin are related to the PCa aggressiveness but not with its prevalence.

[Body mass index and diet affect prostate cancer development]. / El indice de masa corporal y la dieta afectan el desarrollo del cancer de próstata.

INTRODUCTION: Prostate cancer (CaP) is one of the most important causes of morbidity and mortality in the world. There is evidence that obesity and inadequate eating habits may promote CaP development. OBJECTIVE: To analyze and compare the body mass index (BMI) and the food intake, especially fats and antioxidants, among subjects with CaP and those free of disease as a control group. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A sample of 40 men between 50 and 80 years old were selected for the study: 20 with CaP and 20 healthy men as control group. All volunteers underwent a digital rectal examination, prostate specific antigen level, ultrasound and transrectal prostate biopsy, and a nutritional interview where a dietary history and different anthropometric measurements were made. Statistical analysis was performed using the Student T test for independent samples (p < 0.05). RESULTS: BMI in the subjects with CaP was higher than in controls (29.8 kg/m2 vs. 27.96 kg/m2, p = 0.13) but not statistically significant. However, there was a direct correlation between BMI and tumor aggressiveness (r = 0.79, P < 0.001). Total, saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fat intake was significantly higher in subjects with CaP; while omega3 fatty acids, vitamin C and lycopene intake was significantly lower than in controls (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: A healthy weight and a diet low in total fat, saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fat and rich in n3 fatty acids, vitamin C and lycopene is associated with a lower risk of CaP.

El índice de masa corporal y la dieta afectan el desarrollo del cáncer de próstata / Body mass index and diet affect prostate cancer development

Introducción: El adenocarcinoma de próstata (CaP) es una de las causas más importantes de morbimortalidad en el mundo. La obesidad y los hábitos alimentarios inadecuados favorecerían el desarrollo del CaP. Objetivo: Analizar y comparar el índice de masa corporal (IMC) y la historia alimentaria, especialmente el consumo de grasas y antioxidantes, entre sujetos con CaP diagnosticado y sujetos libres de enfermedad. Material y Métodos: fueron seleccionados 40 hombres entre 50 y 80 años: 20 con cáncer de próstata diagnosticado y 20 libres de enfermedad como grupo control, a los cuales se les realizó tacto rectal, medición de antígeno prostático específico, ecografía transrectal y biopsia ecodirigida de próstata; y una entrevista nutricional que incluyó una historia dietética detallada y mediciones antropométricas. El análisis estadístico se realizó mediante Test de Student para muestras independientes (p<0,05).Resultados: El IMC en los sujetos con CaP fue superior que en los controles (29,8kg/m2 vs. 27,96kg/m2; p=0,13) aunque estadísticamente no significativo. Sin embargo, se observó una correlación directa entre el IMC y la agresividad del tumor (r=0,79; p<0.001). El consumo de grasas totales, saturadas, monoinsaturadas y poliinsaturadas fue significativamente mayor en los sujetos con CaP (p=0,001); mientras que la ingesta de ácidos grasos ω3, vitamina C y licopeno fue significativamente menor independientemente del Score de Gleason que presentasen (p<0,05).Conclusiones: Un peso saludable y una alimentación baja en grasas totales, saturadas, monoinsaturadas y poliinsaturadas y rica en ácidos grasos ω3, vitamina C y licopeno se asocia a un menor riesgo de CaP (AU)

Introduction: Prostate cancer (CaP) is one of the most important causes of morbidity and mortality in the world. There is evidence that obesity and inadequate eating habits may promote CaP development. Objective: To analyze and compare the body mass index (BMI) and the food intake, especially fats and antioxidants, among subjects with CaP and those free of disease as a control group. Material and Methods: A sample of 40 men between 50 and 80 years old were selected for the study: 20 with CaP and 20 healthy men as control group. All volunteers underwent a digital rectal examination, prostate specific antigen level, ultrasound and transrectal prostate biopsy, and a nutritional interview where a dietary history and different anthropometric measurements were made. Statistical analysis was performed using the Student T test for independent samples (p <0.05). Results: BMI in the subjects with CaP was higher than in controls (29.8 kg/m2 vs. 27.96 kg/m2, p = 0.13) but not statistically significant. However, there was a direct correlation between BMI and tumor aggressiveness (r = 0.79, P <0.001). Total, saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fat intake was significantly higher in subjects with CaP; while ω3 fatty acids, vitamin C and lycopene intake was significantly lower than in controls (p <0.05).Conclusions: A healthy weight and a diet low in total fat, saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fat and rich in ω3 fatty acids, vitamin C and lycopene is associated with a lower risk of CaP (AU)

[Advances on the influence of adipose tissue on prostate cancer]. / Avances sobre la influencia del tejido adiposo en el adenocarcinoma de próstata.

UNLABELLED: Numerous studies have investigated the association between obesity and prostate cancer (CaP), although the results have not been concluding due to the great difficulty to evaluate the effects of obesity on the development of this type of tumor. The aim of this study was to carry out a comprehensive over-view of the existing evidence about the role of adipose tissue in the prostate carcinogenesis. Recent evidence suggests that androgens, leptin, IL-6, VEGF, insulin and IGF-1 may play a role in PC progression, while adiponectin and IGFBP-3 may act as "anti-prostatic cancer" adipokines. The potential mechanisms by which obesity may initiate, promote or facilitate the progression of CaP are low levels of testosterone and high levels of estrogen, coexisting metabolic syndrome, increased secretion of leptin, VEGF, IL-6 and TNF-alpha and decreased adiponectin, and excessive intake of saturated fat. CONCLUSION: Obesity may promote the progression of established PC rather than being a risk factor for the development of this tumour. However, additional studies are needed to clarify the relationship between adipokines and PC before developing new preventive or treatment strategies for this tumor.

Avances sobre la influencia del tejido adiposo en el adenocarcinoma de pr¨®stata / Advances on the influence of adipose tissue on prostate cancer

Numerosos estudios han intentado interpretar la asociación entre la obesidad y el cáncer de próstata (CaP), aunque los resultados no han sido concluyentes debido a que existe una gran dificultad para evaluar sus efectos de sobre el desarrollo del CaP. Dicha dificultad radica en que no solo implica un exceso de grasa corporal, sino también una alteración de diversos parámetros fisiológicos que aumentan la agresividad del tumor. Objetivos: Realizar una puesta al día sobre el rol del tejido adiposo en el desarrollo del CaP. Material y métodos: se realizóuna búsqueda bibliográfica y lectura compresiva de artículos relacionados con “tejido adiposo”, “obesidad”, “adipoquinas” y “cáncer de próstata” en Pubmed y revistas científicas. Resultados: Estudios recientes indican que la obesidad influiría en la carcinogénesis prostática mediante factores promotores (andrógenos, leptina, VEGF, IL-6, insulina e IGF-1) y factores protectores (adiponectina e IGFBP-3). Los mecanismos potenciales mediante los cuales la obesidad podría iniciar, promover o favorecer la progresión del CaP son los bajos niveles de testosterona y altos niveles de estrógenos, el síndrome metabólico coexistente, el aumento en la secreción de leptina, VEGF, IL-6 y TNF-y disminución de adiponectina, y la excesiva ingesta de grasas saturadas. Conclusiones: El exceso de tejido adiposo en el organismo podría promover la progresión del CaP, más que ser un factor de riesgo. Sin embargo, futuros estudios son necesarios para esclarecer aún más la relación entre las adipoquinas y el CaP con el fin de desarrollar nuevas medidas de prevención y tratamiento de este tumor (AU)

Numerous studies have investigated the association between obesity and prostate cancer (CaP), although the results have not been concluding due to the great difficulty to evaluate the effects of obesity on the development of this type of tumor. The aim of this study was to carry out a comprehensive over-view of the existing evidence about the role of adipose tissue in the prostate carcinogenesis. Recent evidence suggests that androgens, leptin, IL-6, VEGF, insulin and IGF-1 may play a role in PC progression, while adiponectin and IGFBP-3 may act as ¡°anti- prostatic cancer¡± adipokines. The potential mechanisms by which obesity may initiate, promote or facilitate the progression of CaP are low levels of testosterone and high levels of estrogen, coexisting metabolic syndrome, increased secretion of leptin, VEGF, IL-6 and TNF-Á and decrease dadiponectin, and excessive intake of saturated fat. Conclusion: Obesity may promote the progression of established PC rather than being a risk factor for the development of this tumour. However, additional studies are needed to clarify the relationship between adipokines and PC before developing new preventive or treatment strategies for this tumor (AU)