Use of an age-simulation suit as an empathy-building method for dental students: a pre-post study.

Background: The aging of the population highlights the need to establish empathetic connections with older adults. To achieve this, age simulation suits have been designed, allowing users to experience the physical limitations associated with aging. This study aimed to evaluate the experience of dental students with these devices, using psychometric tools to measure the impact on their understanding and empathy. Methods: A pre/post-test study was conducted with the participation of 63 dental students from Rey Juan Carlos University who were fitted with an age simulation suit and asked to perform different tasks. Psychometric tools were used to assess specific parameters. Empathy was measured using the Jefferson Empathy Scale, emotional intelligence was assessed with the Trait Meta-Mood Scale-24 (TMMS-24), and the emotional attention dimension was analyzed using the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS). Results: The scores on the Jefferson Empathy Scale significantly improved from 88.44 ± 6.8 to 91.06 ± 10.11 after using the simulation suit (P < 0.026). Pearson's product moment correlation analysis showed no significant positive association or correlation between age and scores from the three questionnaires. In the rest, a positive and significant correlation was observed (P < 0.0001). Conclusions: Age simulation activities effectively enhance empathy among dental students. However, more studies are needed to foster positive attitudes toward aging and prevent negative stereotypes.

Effect of the 2008 economic crisis on oral health in Spain: analysis of serial cross-sectional, population-based health surveys.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the impact of the economic crisis on the oral health of individuals in Spain based on variables including sex, unemployment, social class and educational level. DESIGN: This was an analysis of serial cross-sectional, population-based health surveys conducted before the crisis (2003 and 2006) and during the crisis (2011, 2014 and 2017). SETTING: National Health Surveys of Spain and the European Health Survey in Spain.ParticipantsA total of 189 543 participants were recruited. OUTCOME MEASURES: The independent variables were sex, employment, social class and educational level. The dependent variables were related to oral health. Descriptive statistics, χ2 tests and the Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel test were performed. RESULTS: The results showed that there were differences (p<0.001) in all oral health indicators before and after the crisis. Compared with the precrisis period, men had a higher probability of tooth extractions (OR 1.41, 95% CI 1.37 to 1.45), dental fillings (OR 1.30, 95% CI 1.27 to 1.34), prostheses (OR 1.04, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.07) and missing teeth (OR 1.35, 95% CI 1.31 to 1.39). Unemployed individuals were more likely to have dental caries (OR 1.08, 95% CI 1.00 to 1.16) and missing teeth (OR 1.36, 95% CI 1.27 to 1.46). Working class individuals had a higher probability of tooth extractions (OR 1.63, 95% CI 1.59 to 1.67), bleeding gums (OR 1.04, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.07), prostheses (OR 1.05, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.07) and missing teeth (OR 1.36, 95% CI 1.33 to 1.39). Participants with a basic or intermediate level of education had a higher probability of dental mobility (OR 1.13, 95% CI 1.07 to 1.19), prostheses (OR 1.11, 95% CI 1.08 to 1.14) and missing teeth (OR 1.42, 95% CI 1.38 to 1.46). CONCLUSIONS: The economic crisis affected the oral health of the Spanish population, with a more significant deterioration among men, working class individuals and unemployed individuals.

Self-reported prevalence of periodontal disease among the Spanish population and immigrants: 2006, 2011/12 and 2017: a population-based study.

BACKGROUND: Periodontal disease is one of the most common pathologies in the population. Self-reporting has been used as a diagnostic tool in large populations, among other reasons, to detect the needs of potentially vulnerable groups. This study evaluated the prevalence of periodontal disease in people of Spanish nationality and immigrants in Spain. METHODS: This population-based, cross-sectional study was carried out using data obtained from National Health Interview Surveys (NHSs) carried out in 2006, 2011/2012 and 2017 in Spain. Subjects aged 16 years and older were included in the NHS-2006 and aged 15 years and older were included in the other NHSs. The following variables were self-reported by the participants: gum bleeding, tooth mobility, tooth extraction and missing teeth. Chi-square homogeneity tests were performed to assess the main associations between the independent variable (nationality) and the dependent variables (bleeding gums, tooth mobility, tooth extraction and missing teeth). Multinomial logistic regression models were constructed to evaluate the influences of the variables age and sex and their interactions on the main associations. RESULTS: A total of 115,123 participants were included in the NHS-2006 (n = 37,327, 11.38% immigrants), NHS-2011/12 (n = 38,727, 14.39% immigrants) and NHS-2017 (n = 39,069, 13.71% immigrants). The variables directly related to periodontal disease were gum bleeding and tooth mobility. These were significantly associated with nationality in the NHS-2006 and NHS-2017 cohorts. In the NHS-2011/12 cohort, only tooth mobility was associated with nationality. After adjustments for sex, age, and their interactions, immigrant status was associated with increased odds of bleeding in only the NHS-2006 cohort (RR = 1.65, 95% CI 1.38-1.99, p = 0.000). CONCLUSION: Immigrants in Spain have a lower probability of developing signs associated with periodontal disease than the Spanish population. Among the immigrant cohort, females and those in adult age groups had lower prevalence rates than their counterparts.

Lengua doble / No disponible

La epiglotis o el cartílago epiglótico es una lámina delgada, flexible, ovalada de cartílago elástico localizada en la parte antero superior de la laringe y posteriormente al cartílago tiroides. Su función principal es la de protegerlas vías aéreas durante la deglución, evitando la entrada de sólidos y líquidos en las mismas (figura1). Está formada por una cara posterior recubierta de mucosa de la laringe; una cara anterior que se relaciona con otras estructuras como el cartílago tiroideo, la membrana tirohioidea, hueso hiodes y base de la lengua y unos bordes laterales. Deriva de la porción caudal de la eminencia hipobranquial, apareciendo hacia la 3ª semana y se diferencia de la base de la lengua hacia la 6ª semana. En cuanto a su situación y como parte de la laringe, al comienzo de su desarrollo se coloca cranealmente y luego se desplaza progresivamente en sentido caudal. Este desplazamiento caudal va a perdurar durante el nacimiento y los primeros años de vida. Durante la lactancia, la epiglotis alcanza la nasofaringe y se coloca por detrás de la cara superior del velo palatino. Esto es importante ya que el neonato debe respirar y beber al mismo tiempo. En la infancia, la extensión del cuello eleva el paladar blando permitiendo la ventilación oral en vez de la respiración nasal propia del neonato, permitiendo el descenso de la epiglotis así como de otras estructuras como el cuerpo del hioides, la glotis, el margen inferior del cricoides y la bifurcación traqueal. Siendo esta evolución más marcada en hombres que en mujeres debido a los cambios estructurales propios del desarrollo y los cambios fonatorios. Por su localización la epiglotis es una estructura que rara vez puede observarse a la exploración oral sin la utilización de espejo laríngeo. Si bien durante la infancia puede ser observada en algunos casos, los posteriores cambios anatómicos y el desarrollo de la voz dificultan su visualización directa en la edad adulta (AU)

Bifurcación del conducto mandibular con conducto y foramen retromolar / No disponible

El conducto mandibular es un canal que recorre la mayor parte de la extensión del hueso maxilar inferior. Nace en la cara interna de la rama ascendente mandibular, inmediatamente por detrás de la espina de Spix, desde donde se dirige hacia abajo y adelante. A la altura de los premolares se divide en dos ramas: una rama externa o mentoniana y otra rama interna o incisiva. En su interior discurren la vena y arteria dentaria inferior, así como el nervio dentario inferior, rama tributaria de la rama mandibular del nervio trigémino (Vc), que recoge la sensibilidad del hueso mandibular, dientes, periostio y encía vestibular (excepto periostio y encía vestibular de los molares y zona del trígono retromolar, inervados por el nervio bucal, también rama del Vc). Este conducto puede presentar variaciones anatómicas con implicaciones de importancia clínica. Así, podemos encontrarnos con las bifurcaciones y la presencia de forámenes accesorios, alteraciones que, en ocasiones, se pueden objetivar con técnicas radiográficas convencionales. El foramen retromolar es una variación anatómica de la mandíbula que se sitúa a nivel del trígono retromolar. Se trata de un conducto que, originándose en el conducto dentario inferior, asciende hasta finalizar distal al tercer molar inferior. Contiene vasos y filetes del nervio mandibular inferior que nutren e inervan al tercer molar inferior y al área retromolar. Presentamos la ortopantomografía de una paciente de 18 años en la que se observa una bifurcación unilateral del conducto mandibular izquierdo, que continúa por un conducto accesorio hasta terminar a nivel retromolar. La identificación de la situación del conducto mandibular, así como el conocimiento de cualquier variación anatómica, es importante debido a las implicaciones clínicas que se pueden producir, como son el fallo en la técnica anestésica, neuropatías yatrógenas, sangrado profuso, etc. Situaciones especialmente a tener en cuenta durante los procedimientos quirúrgicos que abarquen esta zona anatómica (AU)

No disponible

Lichenoid reaction caused by Clopidogrel, a new anti-platelet drug.

The case is described of a 71-year-old woman presenting with acute erosive lichen planus. The lesions appeared one week after starting treatment with clopidogrel (Plavix), a new antiplatelet drug, for the prevention of cerebral thrombosis. The patient presented erosive lesions on both jugal mucosal surfaces and the lateral sides of the tongue, associated with intense pain. The clinical diagnosis of erosive lichen planus induced by clopidogrel was confirmed by histological biopsy evaluation. Clopidogrel was replaced by aspirin, which was the antiplatelet drug previously used by the patient, and 0.1% triamcinolone acetonide in orabase was prescribed in combination with systemic corticoids. The erosive lesions and pain disappeared as a result, though asymptomatic reticular lesions typical of lichen planus persisted.