Association of Dietary Patterns with Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Mexican Adults: Insights from a Cross-Sectional Descriptive Study.

Dietary patterns (DPs) are an essential tool to analyze the relationship between diet and health as they have presented an association with the incidence of chronic non-communicable diseases. Therefore, the aim of this study was the identification and characterization of DPs and their association with cardiovascular risk factors. For this purpose, a cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out in 165 Mexican adults, including dietary intakes derived from a validated food frequency questionnaire, clinical history, anthropometry, and biochemical biomarkers using standardized procedures for glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL-c, and HDL-c. DPs were identified through principal component analysis and ordinal logistic regression was used to examine associations between DPs and cardiovascular disease risk factors. Three DPs were identified: Mexican Fast-Food, Variety-Food, and Healthy-Economic, with a high prevalence of overweight and obesity (78%). Having a high adherence to a Mexican Fast-Food pattern (OR 1.71 CI 1.4-2.8), being sedentary (OR 4.85 2.32-10.15) and smoking (0R 6.4 CI 2.40-16.9) increased the risk of having a high scale of risk factors (four or more risk factors simultaneously). In conclusion, the Mexican Fast-Food pattern showed an increase in the risk of having multiple risk factors, while a sedentary lifestyle and overeating were largely responsible for the prevalence of overweight and obesity in this group of Mexican adults.

Inseguridad alimentaria y vulnerabilidad alimentaria en comunidades: una revisión sistemática / Food insecurity and food vulnerability in communities: a systematic review

Fundamentos: La inseguridad alimentaria (IA) y la vulnerabilidad alimentaria (VA) en las personas y endiferentes comunidades representan dos problemáticas contemporáneas que pueden estar asociadas adiferentes factores, predictores, causas y contextos. El objetivo de esta revisión sistemática fue identificar losprincipales hallazgos de trabajos empíricos que dieran cuenta de estas temáticas y que fueron publicados enlos últimos 12 años.Métodos: Este trabajo se desarrolló bajo criterios metodológicos PRISMA y se consideraron estudiospublicados en las bases de datos Springer, Science Direct y Proquest, en el periodo 2008-2020. Se diseñó unamatriz de concentración de información para la lectura y organización de textos.Resultados: Se obtuvieron 19 artículos empíricos, 17 de los cuales se realizaron en África y Asia; 6 estudioseran de tipo cuantitativo, 2 cualitativos y 11 trabajos de tipo mixto. Las disciplinas de estudio másrepresentadas fueron economía y ciencias naturales.Conclusiones: Existen variables detonantes de la IA y VA mayormente en poblaciones rurales donde factoresprecursores de tipo macro como el cambio climático afectan en mayor escala a estos grupos socialesgenerando una serie de efectos en cadena que se agudizan más a partir de variables sociodemográficas. (AU)

Background: Food insecurity (IA) and food vulnerability (VA) in people and in different types of communitiesrepresent two contemporary problems that may be associated with different factors, predictors, causes andcontexts. The objective of this systematic review was to identify the main findings of empirical works thataccount for these issues and that were published in the last 12 years.Methods: This work was developed under PRISMA methodological criteria and studies published in theSpringer, Science Direct and Proquest databases were considered, in the period 2008-2020. An informationconcentration matrix was designed for reading and organizing texts.Results: 19 empirical articles were obtained, 17 of which were conducted in Africa and Asia; 6 studies werequantitative, 2 qualitative and 11 mixed studies. The most represented study disciplines were economics andnatural sciences.Conclusions: There are trigger variables for AI and VA mostly in rural populations where macro-typeprecursor factors such as climate change affect these social groups on a larger scale, generating a series ofchain effects that are more acute based on sociodemographic variables. (AU)

Validation of a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire to assess food groups and nutrient intake / Validación de un cuestionario semi-cuantitativo de frecuencia de consumo de alimentos para determinar la ingestión de grupos de alimentos y nutrientes

Introduction: Semi-quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaires (FFQs) analyze average food and nutrient intake over extended periods to associate habitual dietary intake with health problems and chronic diseases. A tool of this nature applicable to both women and men is not presently available in Mexico. Objective: To validate a FFQ for adult men and women. Methods: The study was conducted on 97 participants, 61% were women. Two FFQs were administered (with a one-year interval) to measure reproducibility. To assess validity, the second FFQ was compared against dietary record (DR) covering nine days. Statistical analyses included Pearson correlations and Intraclass Correlation Coefficients (ICC). The de-attenuation of the ICC resulting from intraindividual variability was controlled. The validity analysis was complemented by comparing the classification ability of FFQ to that of DR through concordance between intake categories and Bland-Altman plots. Results: Reproducibility: ICC values for food groups ranged 0.42-0.87; the range for energy and nutrients was between 0.34 and 0.82. Validity: ICC values for food groups ranged 0.35-0.84; the range for energy and nutrients was between 0.36 and 0.77. Most subjects (56.776.3%) classified in the same or adjacent quintile for energy and nutrients using both methods. Extreme misclassification was <6.3% for all items. Bland-Altman plots reveal high concordance between FFQ and DR. 
Conclusions: FFQ produced sufficient levels of repro-ducibility and validity to determine average daily intake over one year. These results will enable the analysis of possible associations with chronic diseases and dietary diagnoses in adult populations of men and women (AU)

Introducción: Los cuestionarios semicuantitativos de frecuencia de consumo (CFC) analizan ingestión promedio de alimentos y nutrimentos en períodos extensos para asociar consumo habitual con problemas de salud, como enfermedades crónicas. En México, no existe una herramienta similar, aplicable en mujeres y hombres. Objetivo: Validar un CFC en mujeres y hombres adultos. Métodos: El estudio incluyó 97 participantes (61% mujeres). Dos CFC fueron aplicados (un año entre ambos) para medir reproducibilidad. Para validez, se comparó el segundo CFC con registros dietéticos de nueve días. Los análisis incluyeron correlaciones de Pearson y coeficientes de correlación intraclase (CCI). Se controló desatenuación de CCI provocada por la variabilidad intraindividual. El análisis de validez se complementó con la comparación de la capacidad de clasificación entre CFC y registros dietéticos, mediante concordancia de categorías de consumo y gráficos de Bland y Altman. Resultados: Reproducibilidad: los CCI para grupos de alimentos oscilaron entre 0,42-0,87 y para nutrimentos entre 0,34-0,82. Validez: los CCI para grupos de alimentos variaron entre 0,35-0,84 y para nutrimentos entre 0,360,77. La mayoría de sujetos (56,7-76,3%) clasificaron en el mismo quintil o adyacente por ambos métodos (media 66,1%), para energía y nutrimentos. La mala clasificación extrema para todos los ítems fue <6,3%. El análisis con gráficos de Bland y Altman determinó una buena capacidad de acuerdo del CFC, respecto a registros dietéticos. Conclusiones: El CFC obtuvo reproducibilidad y validez adecuadas para determinar ingestión diaria promedio, en un año. Esto permitirá analizar posibles asociaciones con enfermedades crónicas y diagnósticos dietéticos poblacionales en mujeres y hombres adultos (AU)

Validation of a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire to assess food groups and nutrient intake.

INTRODUCTION: Semi-quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaires (FFQs) analyze average food and nutrient intake over extended periods to associate habitual dietary intake with health problems and chronic diseases. A tool of this nature applicable to both women and men is not presently available in Mexico. OBJECTIVE: To validate a FFQ for adult men and women. METHODS: The study was conducted on 97 participants, 61% were women. Two FFQs were administered (with a one-year interval) to measure reproducibility. To assess validity, the second FFQ was compared against dietary record (DR) covering nine days. Statistical analyses included Pearson correlations and Intraclass Correlation Coefficients (ICC). The de-attenuation of the ICC resulting from intraindividual variability was controlled. The validity analysis was complemented by comparing the classification ability of FFQ to that of DR through concordance between intake categories and Bland-Altman plots. RESULTS: Reproducibility: ICC values for food groups ranged 0.42-0.87; the range for energy and nutrients was between 0.34 and 0.82. VALIDITY: ICC values for food groups ranged 0.35-0.84; the range for energy and nutrients was between 0.36 and 0.77. Most subjects (56.7-76.3%) classified in the same or adjacent quintile for energy and nutrients using both methods. Extreme misclassification was <6.3% for all items. Bland-Altman plots reveal high concordance between FFQ and DR. CONCLUSIONS: FFQ produced sufficient levels of reproducibility and validity to determine average daily intake over one year. These results will enable the analysis of possible associations with chronic diseases and dietary diagnoses in adult populations of men and women.

Introducción. Los cuestionarios semicuantitativos de frecuencia de consumo (CFC) analizan ingestión promedio de alimentos y nutrimentos en períodos extensos para asociar consumo habitual con problemas de salud, como enfermedades crónicas. En México, no existe una herramienta similar, aplicable en mujeres y hombres. Objetivo. Validar un CFC en mujeres y hombres adultos. Métodos. El estudio incluyó 97 participantes (61% mujeres). Dos CFC fueron aplicados (un año entre ambos) para medir reproducibilidad. Para validez, se comparó el segundo CFC con registros dietéticos de nueve días. Los análisis incluyeron correlaciones de Pearson y coeficientes de correlación intraclase (CCI). Se controló desatenuación de CCI provocada por la variabilidad intraindividual. El análisis de validez se complementó con la comparación de la capacidad de clasificación entre CFC y registros dietéticos, mediante concordancia de categorías de consumo y gráficos de Bland y Altman. Resultados. Reproducibilidad: los CCI para grupos de alimentos oscilaron entre 0.42-0.87 y para nutrimentos entre 0.34-0.82. Validez: los CCI para grupos de alimentos variaron entre 0.35-0.84 y para nutrimentos entre 0.36-0.77. La mayoría de sujetos (56.7-76.3%) clasificaron en el mismo quintil o adyacente por ambos métodos (media 66.1%), para nutrimentos. La mala clasificación extrema para todos los ítems fue.