[Stages of grief in diabetes and metabolic control]. / Etapas del duelo en diabetes y control metabólico.

BACKGROUND: To identify type 2 diabetic patients, the stages of grief and its association with metabolic control. METHODS: 186 patients both sexes, without recent loss of a loved one or a terminal illness. We applied a previously validated instrument, which explored the stages of grief (denial, anger/disbelief, bargaining, depression, and acceptance). There was measured BMI, waist circumference, and 6-month averages of glucose, cholesterol and triglycerides. RESULTS: The associations between the stages of grief and clinical variables showed that BMI is greater denial 33.1 ± 6.2 vs 28.9 ± 4.6 33.1 with p = 0.001, in disbelief stage glucose is greater 190 ± 67 vs 167 ± 51 with p < 0.05. The negotiation phase is associated with older age, 65.6 ± 10 vs 59.1 ± 11 years with p = 0.001 and higher cholesterol level against 229.4 ± 39.1 vs 206.6 ± 40 with p < 0.05. The stage of depression was associated with increased diagnostic time vs. 13.3 ± 8.9 vs 9.4 ± 7.1 years with p < 0.05 and the blood glucose level 198.9 ± 60, vs 164 ± 51 mg/dL p = 0.001. CONCLUSIONS: There are logical associations between clinical variables and stages of grief. Identify the stages of grief, as an additional element in the evaluation of patients with diabetes will develop strategies to improve adherence to medical management and metabolic control.

Introducción: el objetivo de este artículo es identificar las etapas del duelo y su asociación con el control metabólico en pacientes diabéticos tipo 2. Métodos: se incluyeron 186 sujetos diabéticos, de ambos sexos, sin pérdida reciente de un ser querido ni enfermedades terminales. Se les aplicó un instrumento validado que exploró las etapas del duelo (negación, ira/incredulidad, negociación, depresión, y aceptación). Se midió: IMC, perímetro de cintura, niveles promedio de glucosa, colesterol y triglicéridos en los últimos 6 meses. Resultados: las asociaciones entre las etapas del duelo y las variables clínicas mostraron que en la negación, el IMC es mayor 33.1 ± 6.2 contra 28.9 ± 4.6 con p = 0.001; en etapa de incredulidad, la glucemia es mayor 190 ± 67 frente a 16 ± 51 con p < 0.05; la etapa de negociación se asocia a mayor edad 65.6 ± 10 contra 59.1 ± 11 años con p = 0.001 y con nivel de colesterol mayor de 229.4 ± 39.1 frente a 206.6 ± 40 con p < 0.05; la etapa de depresión se asoció con mayor tiempo de diagnóstico 13.3 ± 8.9 frente a 9.4 ± 7.1 años, con p < 0.05 y con el nivel de glucemia de 198.9 ± 60 frente a 164 ± 51 mg/dL con p = 0.001. Conclusiones: existen asociaciones lógicas entre variables clínicas y etapas del duelo. Se debe identificar el duelo como un elemento adicional en la evaluación de pacientes con diabetes y establecer estrategias que mejoren la adherencia al tratamiento y el control metabólico.

[Acute cystitis in women with type 2 diabetes. Three antimicrobial schemes]. / Cistitis aguda en mujeres con diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Comparación de tres esquemas antimicrobianos.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the effectiveness and secondary effects of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX), ciprofloxacin, and nitrofurantoin in women with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) and acute community-acquired cystitis. METHODS: A randomized single blind clinical trial was conducted in the family medicine clinic No. 91 of Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social in Coacalco, Mexico. The study included women with DM2 and acute cystitis who were randomly allocated to one of the following schemes: TMP-SMX (160/800 mg every 12 h), ciprofloxacin (500 mg every 12 h) or nitrofurantoin (100 mg every 6 h) for 10 days. RESULTS: Sixty-one patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Bacteriologic eradication at the end of the treatment was observed in 18/23 (78 %) of patients treated with ciprofloxacin; 14/18 (78%) of patients treated with nitrofurantoin; and 9/20 (45 %) of patients treated with TMP-SMX (p = .036). The difference between nitrofurantoin and TMP-SMX, as well as between ciprofloxacin with TMPSMX, was 33 % for both (95 % confidence interval = 4 %, 62 %, and 5 %, 61 % , respectively). The most frequently isolated bacterium was Escherichia coli (75 %), The in vitro resistance rate to TMP-SMX was 76 %, to ciprofloxacin 17 % and to nitrofurantoin 13 % (p = 0.05). The main adverse effects were slight to moderate headache, nausea, and pyrosis in the three groups. CONCLUSIONS: ciprofloxacin and nitrofurantoin were more effective than TMP-SMX for the treatment of community-acquired acute cystitis in Mexican women with DM2. This is probably due to differences in the resistance rates and is probably not specific for diabetic patients; All three antimicrobials were safe.