[Evolution of body image perception and distorsion with mat and apparatus Pilates practice in adult women]. / Evolución de la percepción y distorsión de la imagen corporal con la práctica de Pilates en suelo y con aparatos en mujeres adultas.

INTRODUCTION: Introduction: the systematic practice of physical exercise may influence the perception and distortion of body image in adult women. Objective: to analyze the evolution of body image perception and distortion in adult women who performed a systematic practice of mat Pilates (PM) or Pilates with apparatus (PA). Methods: a total of 35 adult women participated in a PM (n = 19) or PA (n = 26) program for 16 weeks, two days a week. Body image was assessed before and after the interventions using the Eating Behavior Inventory 3 (EBI-3), Gardner's body image assessment scale, and Thompson and Gray's silhouette scale questionnaires. Results: the PM group showed a significant reduction in dissatisfaction with buttocks, dissatisfaction with body image, perceived image, distortion index, dissatisfaction index, perceived mental image, perceived affective image, cognitive dissatisfaction index, and affective dissatisfaction index (p < 0.05; ES: 0.26-0.80). As compared to the PA group, a significant reduction was shown in dissatisfaction with thighs, dissatisfaction with hips, dissatisfaction with body image, dissatisfaction index, cognitive dissatisfaction index, and affective dissatisfaction index (p < 0.05; 0.22-0.79). Conclusion: the systematic practice of PM or PA improves body image in adult women, reducing their body dissatisfaction.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Introducción: la práctica sistemática de ejercicio físico podría influir en la percepción y distorsión de la imagen corporal de mujeres adultas. Objetivo: analizar la evolución de la percepción y la distorsión de la imagen corporal en mujeres adultas que realizan una práctica sistemática de Pilates en suelo (PS) o Pilates con aparatos (PA). Metodología: un total de 35 mujeres adultas participaron en un programa de PS (n = 19) o PA (n = 26) durante 16 semanas, dos días por semana. La imagen corporal se valoró antes y después de las intervenciones con el cuestionario "Inventario de la conducta alimentaria 3" (EDI-3), la escala de evaluación de la imagen corporal de Gardner y la escala de siluetas de Thompson y Gray. Resultados: el grupo de PS mostró una reducción significativa de la insatisfacción con los glúteos, la insatisfacción con la imagen corporal, la imagen percibida, el índice de distorsión, el índice de insatisfacción, la imagen mental percibida, la imagen afectiva percibida, el índice de insatisfacción cognitiva y el índice de insatisfacción afectiva (p < 0,05; TE: 0,26-0,80). En relación con el grupo de PA se encontró una disminución significativa de la insatisfacción con los muslos, la insatisfacción con las caderas, la insatisfacción con la imagen corporal, el índice de insatisfacción, el índice de insatisfacción cognitiva y el índice de insatisfacción afectiva (p < 0,05; 0,22-0,79). Conclusiones: la práctica sistemática de PS o PA mejora la imagen corporal en mujeres adultas, reduciéndose el grado de insatisfacción corporal de las mismas.

A longitudinal analysis of morphological characteristics and body proportionality in young elite sprint paddlers.

Introduction: There are certain anthropometric attributes common to most high-level paddlers and among the determinants for optimal performance consecution in senior categories.Objective: The present investigation aimed to determine the evolution of morphological characteristics of elite paddlers during adolescence and to compare them with the values exhibited by Olympic competitors.Methods: In a longitudinal study, thirteen young elite paddlers (seven boys and six girls) completed a battery of anthropometric tests (heights, weight, girths, lengths, and sum of skinfolds) and on-water performance assessments (200 and 500 m) during three consecutive years.Results: Body mass and upper body sizes significantly change over the years (p < .05), especially in boys. Both male and female paddlers presented significant differences and large effect sizes in muscle mass and skin mass values (η2p > .64) whereas bone mass and fat mass remained stable from the 1st to the 3rd year. Proportionality analysis revealed girths and breadths differences in arm and chest variables as well as large effect sizes in biacromial breadth among all years (η2p > .62; p < .05), particularly in boys. Similarly, significant improvements in 200-m performance times were observed for both sexes.Conclusions: The findings of the current investigation might suggest a tendency towards a leaner and more robust morphological profile of elite paddlers in the transition from young to senior categories. In addition, the presence of superior relative body dimensions from young categories seems to be paramount in the evolution to later successful paddling.

Differences in Anthropometry, Biological Age and Physical Fitness Between Young Elite Kayakers and Canoeists.

The aim of this study was to determine the anthropometric and physical characteristics of youth elite paddlers and to identify the differences between kayakers and canoeists. A total of 171 male paddlers (eighty-nine kayakers and eighty-two canoeists), aged 13.69 ± 0.57 years (mean ± SD) volunteered to participate in this study. The participants completed basic anthropometric assessments (body mass, stretch stature, sitting height, body mass index, maturity level, sum of 6 skinfolds and fat mass percentage) as well as a battery of physical fitness tests (overhead medicine ball throw, counter movement jump, sit-and-reach and 20 m multi-stage shuttle run tests). The anthropometric results revealed a significantly larger body size (stretch stature and sitting height) and body mass in the kayakers (p < 0.01) as well as a more mature biological status (p = 0.003). The physical fitness level exhibited by the kayakers was likewise significantly greater than that of the canoeists, both in the counter movement jump and estimated VO2max (p < 0.05), as well as in the overhead medicine ball throw and sit-and-reach test (p < 0.01). These findings confirm the more robust and mature profile of youth kayakers that might be associated with the superior fitness level observed and the specific requirements of this sport discipline.

Sprint kayaking and canoeing performance prediction based on the relationship between maturity status, anthropometry and physical fitness in young elite paddlers.

This study aimed to identify the maturity-related differences and its influence on the physical fitness, morphological and performance characteristics of young elite paddlers. In total, 89 kayakers and 82 canoeists, aged 13.69 ± 0.57 years (mean ± s), were allocated in three groups depending on their age relative to the age at peak height velocity (pre-APHV, circum-APHV and post-APHV) and discipline (kayak and canoe). Nine anthropometric variables, a battery of four physical fitness tests (overhead medicine ball throw, countermovement jump, sit-and-reach test and 20 m multistage shuttle run test) and three specific performance tests (1000, 500 and 200 m) were assessed. Both disciplines presented significant maturity-based differences in all anthropometric parameters (except for fat and muscle mass percentage), overhead medicine ball throw and all performance times (pre > circum > post; P < 0.05). Negative and significant correlations (P < 0.01) were detected between performance times, chronological age and anthropometry (body mass, height, sitting height and maturity status), overhead medicine ball throw and sit and reach for all distances. These findings confirm the importance of maturity status in sprint kayaking and canoeing since the more mature paddlers were also those who revealed largest body size, physical fitness level and best paddling performance. Additionally, the most important variables predicting performance times in kayaking and canoeing were maturity status and chronological age, respectively.

Efecto de un programa de estiramiento de la musculatura isquiosural sobre la extensibilidad isquiosural en escolares adolescentes: influencia de la distribución semanal de las sesiones / The effect of a hamstring streching protocol on hamstring extensibiity in adolescent students: influence of the class session weekly distribution

Introducción: la realización de estiramientos de la musculatura isquiosural, dos sesiones por semana en días alternos, produce mejoras significativas en escolares. Objetivo: comparar los efectos de un programa de estiramientos de la musculatura isquiosural realizado en las clases de educación física en dos grupos de adolescentes, en función de la distribución semanal de sus sesiones de clase (sesiones alternas vs. sesiones consecutivas). Metodología: cincuenta y ocho estudiantes adolescentes realizaron un programa de estiramientos estático-activos de la musculatura isquiosural durante cinco semanas, ejecutados al comienzo de dos clases semanales de educación física, con una duración total de cinco minutos. Los alumnos fueron divididos en dos grupos: el grupo A, formado por 30 alumnos, tenían las clases en días consecutivos (lunes-martes) y el grupo B, compuesto por 29 alumnos, en días no consecutivos (martes-viernes). La extensibilidad de la musculatura isquiosural se evalúo mediante el test sit-and-reach antes del inicio del programa (pre-test) y tras finalizar el mismo (post-test). Resultados y discusión: se encontró una mejora significativa de la distancia alcanzada en el test sit-and-reach tanto en el grupo A (+2,15 cm) (p = 0,003) como en el grupo B (+2,31 cm) (p 0,05). Conclusiones: la aplicación de un programa de intervención con una duración de cinco semanas y una frecuencia de dos sesiones semanales produce mejoras en la extensibilidad isquiosural en escolares. La distribución semanal de las sesiones no influye en los resultados encontrados (AU)

Introduction: students who do hamstring stretching exercises, twice per week on alternate days, have showed significant increases on extensibility. Objective: to compare the effects of a hamstring stretching program includes in the physical education classes in booth groups of adolescent, which had a different class session weekly distribution (non-consecutive sessions vs. consecutive sessions). Method: fifty-eight adolescent students did a static-active stretching program on hamstring in the warm-up of both weekly physical education sessions for five weeks. The total duration of the stretching was five minutes. Students were divided in two groups: group A, with 30 students, had consecutive sessions (monday-tuesday), and the group B, with 29 students, had non-consecutive sessions (tuesday-friday). Hamstring extensibility was evaluated with the sit-and-reach test before (pre-test) and after (post-test) the intervention program. Results and discussion: there was found a significant increase in the sit-and-reach score in the group A (+2,15 cm) (p = 0.003) and in the group B (+2,31 cm) (p 0.05). Conclusions: the implementation of an intervention program for five weeks, twice sessions a week, induded increases on hamstring extensibility in students. The class session weekly distribution does not affect the results (AU)

[THE EFFECT OF A HAMSTRING STRECHING PROTOCOL ON HAMSTRING EXTENSIBIITY IN ADOLESCENT STUDENTS: INFLUENCE OF THE CLASS SESSION WEEKLY DISTRIBUTION]. / EFECTO DE UN PROGRAMA DE ESTIRAMIENTO DE LA MUSCULATURA ISQUIOSURAL SOBRE LA EXTENSIBILIDAD ISQUIOSURAL EN ESCOLARES ADOLESCENTES: INFLUENCIA DE LA DISTRIBUCIÓN SEMANAL DE LAS SESIONES.

INTRODUCTION: students who do hamstring stretching exercises, twice per week on alternate days, have showed significant increases on extensibility. Objetive: to compare the effects of a hamstring stretching program includes in the physical education classes in booth groups of adolescent, which had a different class session weekly distribution (non-consecutive sessions vs. consecutive sessions). METHOD: fifty-eight adolescent students did a static-active stretching program on hamstring in the warm-up of both weekly physical education sessions for five weeks. The total duration of the stretching was five minutes. Students were divided in two groups: group A, with 30 students, had consecutive sessions (monday-tuesday), and the group B, with 29 students, had non-consecutive sessions (tuesday-friday). Hamstring extensibility was evaluated with the sit-and-reach test before (pre-test) and after (post-test) the intervention program. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: there was found a significant increase in the sit-and-reach score in the group A (+2,15 cm) (p = 0.003) and in the group B (+2,31 cm) (p < 0.001). No significant differences were found between groups in the pre-test and the post-test (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: the implementation of an intervention program for five weeks, twice sessions a week, induded increases on hamstring extensibility in students. The class session weekly distribution does not affect the results.

Introducción: la realización de estiramientos de la musculatura isquiosural, dos sesiones por semana en días alternos, produce mejoras significativas en escolares. Objetivo: comparar los efectos de un programa de estiramientos de la musculatura isquiosural realizado en las clases de educación física en dos grupos de adolescentes, en función de la distribución semanal de sus sesiones de clase (sesiones alternas vs. sesiones consecutivas). Metodología: cincuenta y ocho estudiantes adolescentes realizaron un programa de estiramientos estático- activos de la musculatura isquiosural durante cinco semanas, ejecutados al comienzo de dos clases semanales de educación física, con una duración total de cinco minutos. Los alumnos fueron divididos en dos grupos: el grupo A, formado por 30 alumnos, tenían las clases en días consecutivos (lunes-martes) y el grupo B, compuesto por 29 alumnos, en días no consecutivos (martes-viernes). La extensibilidad de la musculatura isquiosural se evalúo mediante el test sit-and-reach antes del inicio del programa (pre-test) y tras finalizar el mismo (post-test). Resultados y discusión: se encontró una mejora significativa de la distancia alcanzada en el test sit-and-reach tanto en el grupo A (+2,15 cm) (p = 0,003) como en el grupo B (+2,31 cm) (p < 0,001). No se encontraron diferencias significativas ni en el pre-test ni en el post-test entre grupos (p > 0,05). Conclusiones: la aplicación de un programa de intervención con una duración de cinco semanas y una frecuencia de dos sesiones semanales produce mejoras en la extensibilidad isquiosural en escolares. La distribución semanal de las sesiones no influye en los resultados encontrados.

[CRITERION-RELATED VALIDITY OF SIT-AND-REACH TEST AS A MEASURE OF HAMSTRING EXTENSIBILITY IN OLDER WOMEN]. / VALIDEZ DEL TEST SIT-AND-REACH PARA VALORAR LA EXTENSIBILIDAD ISQUIOSURAL EN MUJERES MAYORES.

INTRODUCTION: lumbo-sacral posture and the sit-andreach score have been proposed as measures of hamstring extensibility. However, the validity is influenced by sample characteristics. OBJECTIVE: to determine the validity of lumbo-horizontal angle and score in the sit-and-reach test as measures of hamstring extensibility in older women. METHOD: a hundred and twenty older women performed the straight leg raise test with both leg, and the sit-and-reach test (SR) in a random order. For the sitand- reach test, the score and the lumbo-sacral posture in bending (lumbo-horizontal angle, L-Hfx) were measured. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: the mean values of straight leg raise in left and right leg were 81.70 ± 13.83º and 82.10 ± 14.36º, respectively. The mean value of EPR of both legs was 81.90 ± 12.70º. The mean values of SR score and L-Hfx were -1.54 ± 8.09 cm and 91.08º ± 9.32º, respectively. The correlation values between the mean straight leg raise test with respect to lumbo-sacral posture and SR score were moderate (L-Hfx: r = -0.72, p < 0.01; SR: r = 0.70, p < 0.01). Both variables independently explained about 50% of the variance (L-Hfx: R2 = 0.52, p < 0,001; SR: R2 = 0.49, p < 0,001). CONCLUSIONS: the validity of lumbo-sacral posture in bending as measure of hamstring muscle extensibility on older women is moderate, with similar values than SR score.

Introducción: la disposición del raquis lumbo-sacro y la distancia alcanzada en el test sit-and-reach han sido propuestas para valorar la extensibilidad isquiosural, siendo su validez diferente en función de la población analizada. Objetivo: determinar la validez del ángulo lumbo-horizontal en flexión y la distancia alcanzada en el test sitand- reach como criterio de extensibilidad isquiosural en mujeres mayores. Metodología: un total de 120 mujeres mayores realizaron aleatoriamente los test de elevación de pierna recta (EPR) con ambas piernas y el test sit-and-reach (SR). En este último se valoró la distancia alcanzada y la disposición del raquis lumbo-sacro (L-Hfx) al alcanzar la posición de máxima flexión del tronco. Resultados y discusión: los valores medios en el EPR fueron 81,70 ± 13,83º y 82,10 ± 14,36º en las piernas izquierda y derecha, respectivamente. La media del EPR de ambas piernas fue de 81,90 ± 12,70º. La distancia media en el SR fue de -1,54 ± 8,09 cm. En el L-Hfx, el valor medio fue de 91,08º ± 9,32º. La correlación entre el test EPR medio de ambas piernas respecto a la distancia alcanzada en el test DDP y el ángulo L-Hfx fueron moderados (L-Hfx: r = -0,72, p < 0,01; SR: r = 0,70, p < 0,01). Ambas variables, de forma independiente, explicaron alrededor del 50% de la varianza (L-Hfx: R2 = 0,52; p < 0,001; SR: R2 = 0,49; p < 0,001). Conclusiones: la validez de la disposición del raquis lumbo-sacro en mujeres mayores es moderada, siendo similar a la obtenida por la distancia alcanzada en el test sit-and-reach.

Validez del test sit-and-reach para valorar la extensibilidad isquiosural en mujeres mayores / Criterion-related validity of sit-andreach test as a measure of hamstring extensibility in older women

Introducción: la disposición del raquis lumbo-sacro y la distancia alcanzada en el test sit-and-reach han sido propuestas para valorar la extensibilidad isquiosural, siendo su validez diferente en función de la población analizada. Objetivo: determinar la validez del ángulo lumbo-horizontal en flexión y la distancia alcanzada en el test sitand-reach como criterio de extensibilidad isquiosural en mujeres mayores. Metodología: un total de 120 mujeres mayores realizaron aleatoriamente los test de elevación de pierna recta (EPR) con ambas piernas y el test sit-and-reach (SR). En este último se valoró la distancia alcanzada y la disposición del raquis lumbo-sacro (L-Hfx) al alcanzar la posición de máxima flexión del tronco. Resultados y discusión: los valores medios en el EPR fueron 81,70 ± 13,83º y 82,10 ± 14,36º en las piernas izquierda y derecha, respectivamente. La media del EPR de ambas piernas fue de 81,90 ± 12,70º. La distancia media en el SR fue de -1,54 ± 8,09 cm. En el L-Hfx, el valor medio fue de 91,08º ± 9,32º. La correlación entre el test EPR medio de ambas piernas respecto a la distancia alcanzada en el test DDP y el ángulo L-Hfx fueron moderados (L-Hfx: r = -0,72, p < 0,01; SR: r = 0,70, p < 0,01). Ambas variables, de forma independiente, explicaron alrededor del 50% de la varianza (L-Hfx: R2 = 0,52; p < 0,001; SR: R2 = 0,49; p < 0,001). Conclusiones: la validez de la disposición del raquis lumbo-sacro en mujeres mayores es moderada, siendo similar a la obtenida por la distancia alcanzada en el test sit-and-reach (AU)

Introduction: lumbo-sacral posture and the sit-andreach score have been proposed as measures of hamstring extensibility. However, the validity is influenced by sample characteristics. Objective: to determine the validity of lumbo-horizontal angle and score in the sit-and-reach test as measures of hamstring extensibility in older women. Method: a hundred and twenty older women performed the straight leg raise test with both leg, and the sit-and-reach test (SR) in a random order. For the sitand-reach test, the score and the lumbo-sacral posture in bending (lumbo-horizontal angle, L-Hfx) were measured. Results and discussion: the mean values of straight leg raise in left and right leg were 81.70 ± 13.83º and 82.10 ± 14.36º, respectively. The mean value of EPR of both legs was 81.90 ± 12.70º. The mean values of SR score and L-Hfx were -1.54 ± 8.09 cm and 91.08º ± 9.32º, respectively. The correlation values between the mean straight leg raise test with respect to lumbo-sacral posture and SR score were moderate (L-Hfx: r = -0.72, p < 0.01; SR: r = 0.70, p < 0.01). Both variables independently explained about 50% of the variance (L-Hfx: R2 = 0.52, p < 0,001; SR: R2 = 0.49, p < 0,001). Conclusions: the validity of lumbo-sacral posture in bending as measure of hamstring muscle extensibility on older women is moderate, with similar values than SR score (AU)

[The effect of a warm-up protocol on the sit-and-reach test score in adolescent students]. / EFECTO DE UN PROTOCOLO DE CALENTAMIENTO EN LA DISTANCIA ALCANZADA EN EL TEST SIT-AND-REACH EN ALUMNOS ADOLESCENTES.

INTRODUCTION: Sit-and-reach tests are often used in physical education classes for measurement of hamstring extensibility in students, without a standar protocol to perform it. OBJETIVE: To analyze the effect of a warm-up protocol based on locomotion activities and stretching in the sit-and-reach scores in adolescent students. METHOD: A total of 47 teenagers students (17 boys and 30 girls) performed the sit-and-reach test before, immediately after, and 5 and 10 minutes after completing a structured warm-up. The warm-up consisted on a part of continuous running, dynamic locomotor and mobility activities as well as static stretching of lower limbs (quadriceps, hamstrings, adductors, iliopsoas and gastrocnemius), with a total duration of 8 minutes. Between measurements after warm-up, the participants remained standing without performing any exercise and/or stretching. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: After warm-up there was a significant improvement in the sit-and-reach score (+ 2.15 cm) (p < 0.001), being slightly higher at 5 and 10 minutes (+ 2.49 cm at 5 minutes and + 2.61 cm at 10 minutes) (p < 0.001 with respect to the pre-test). CONCLUSIONS: A warm-up protocol performed before the sit-and-reach test, comprised by locomotion, dynamic activities and stretching, improves significantly the distance achieved in this test.

Introducción: los test lineales son frecuentemente utilizados en las clases de educación física para evaluar la extensibilidad isquiosural del alumnado, sin que haya una estandarización del procedimiento para su realización. Objetivo: analizar la influencia de un protocolo de calentamiento en los resultados obtenidos en el test sit-andreach en estudiantes adolescentes. Metodología: a 47 adolescentes (17 chicos y 30 chicas) se les midió la distancia alcanzada en el test sit-and-reach antes, inmediatamente después de finalizar, así como a los 5 y 10 minutos tras finalizar un protocolo de calentamiento compuesto por una parte de carrera continua, actividades de locomoción y movilidad, además de estiramientos estáticos de cuádriceps, isquiosurales, aductores, psoas ilíaco y gemelos, con una duración total de 8 minutos. Entre las mediciones realizadas tras el calentamiento, los participantes permanecieron en bipedestación sin realizar ejercicio y/o estiramiento alguno. Resultados y discusión: tras el calentamiento hubo una mejora significativa en la distancia alcanzada en el test sit-and-reach (+ 2,15 cm) (p < 0,001), siendo ligeramente mayor a los 5 y 10 minutos (+ 2,49 cm a los 5 minutos y + 2,61 cm a los 10 minutos) (p < 0,001 respecto al pretest). Conclusiones: la realización de un protocolo de calentamiento previo al test sit-and-reach, compuesto por locomoción, movilidad y estiramientos, incrementa de manera significativa la distancia alcanzada en este test, que permanece aumentada, al menos, hasta 10 minutos después de finalizar el calentamiento.

Kinanthropometric comparison between young elite kayakers and canoeists.

The aims of this study were to describe and compare kinanthropometric characteristics of elite young kayakers and canoeists and to compare their proportionality with Olympic paddlers. One hundred and twenty young elite sprint paddlers (66 kayakers and 58 canoeists), aged 13- and 14-years-old, were assessed using a battery of 32 anthropometric dimensions. Somatotypes, Phantom Z-scores and corrected girths were calculated. Comparison between kayakers and canoeists showed that kayakers had greater height, body weight, sitting height, arm span and upper body lengths, breadths and girths than canoeists. Higher proportional humerus breadth and arm girths were also found in kayakers. However, canoeists had higher Z-scores in femur breadth. Olympic paddlers had higher proportional dimensions in upper body girths, and biacromial breadth in both disciplines. Mean somatotypes of kayakers were best described as balanced mesomorphs, while canoeists were ecto-mesomorphs. Differences between kayak and canoe paddlers may be explained by the continual need for physical development in kayakers, in order to remain competitive, compared to the young canoeists' need to place much greater emphasis on the development of their technical ability. The data provided in this study could be used as a guideline for talent identification in sprint canoeing and kayaking.

The relationship between segmental coordination, agility and physical activity in adolescents / Relação entre a coordenação segmentar, agilidade e atividade física em adolescentes / Relación entre la coordinación segmentaria, la agilidad y la actividad física en adolescentes

Motor competence (MC) may be related to youth physical activity (PA) level. In the last few years, MC has been studied as a possible determinant of children PA level, but has not been widely studied in adolescents. To analyze the relationship between MC and PA level 533 adolescents (271 men and 261 women) from the southeast of Spain were assessed. To register weekly PA was used the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) and for the MC, four coordination tests including throw and catch test, eye-hand and eye-foot coordination tests and agility circuit. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and binary logistic regression. The overall MC is consistently related with PA level. Eye-hand coordination test and the agility test define more accurately the tendency to high PA level. Programs to promote PA and focused on MC should be emphasized from early ages to adolescence.

A competência motora (CM) pode estar relacionada com o nível de atividade física (PA) dos jovens. Nos últimos anos, a CM infantil tem sido estudada como possivel determinante do nível de AF, mas ainda não foi extensivamente estudada em adolescentes. Para analisar a relação entre o nível de AF e competência motora foram avaliados 533 adolescentes (271 homens e 261 mulheres), no sudeste de Espanha. Para registar a AF semanal empregou-se o Questionário Internacional de Atividade Física (IPAQ), e para a CM quatro testes de coordenação, incluindo lançamento e recepção, coordenação óculo manual e óculo pedal e um percurso de agilidade. Os dados foram analisados usando a análise de variância e a análise de regressão logística binária. A competência global motora revelou-se consistentemente relacionada com o nível de AF. O teste de coordenação olho-mão e o teste de agilidade são os que definem mais precisamente uma tendência regular de alto nivel de atividade física. Programas voltados para aumentar a coordenação segmentar e agilidade devem ser incentivados desde tenra idade nas escolas.

La competencia motora (CM) podría estar relacionada con el nivel de actividad física (AF) de los jóvenes. En los últimos años, CM ha sido estudiada como un posible determinante del nivel de AF de los niños, sin embargo no ha sido ampliamente estudiada en adolescentes. Para analizar la relación entre la CM y el nivel de AF, fueron evaluados 533 adolescentes (271 hombres y 261 mujeres) del sureste de España. Para registrar la AF semanal fue utilizado el International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), y para la CM, cuatro test coordinativos que incluían el test de lanzar y coger, test de coordinación ojo-mano y ojo-pie y un circuito de agilidad. Los datos fueron analizados utilizando un ANOVA y una regresión logística binaria. La CM global está consistentemente relacionada con el nivel de AF. Los test de coordinación ojo-mano y de agilidad definen con más exactitud la tendencia a un nivel alto de AF. Programas para promocionar la AF centrados en la CM deberían ser enfatizados desde edades tempranas hasta la adolescencia.

Efectos de un programa de 16 semanas de Pilates mat sobre las variables antropométricas y la composición corporal en mujeres adultas activas tras un corto proceso de desentrenamiento / The effects of 16-weeks pilates mat program on anthropometric variables and body composition in active adult women after a short detraining period

Introducción: Estudios previos han analizado los efectos de la práctica de Pilates mat sobre las variables antropométricas y la composición corporal en poblaciones sedentarias. No existen estudios sobre los beneficios del Pilates en estas variables tras un corto periodo de desentrenamiento. Objetivo: Determinar el efecto un programa de 16 semanas de Pilates mat sobre las variables antropométricas, la composición coporal y el somatotipo, en mujeres adultas con experiencia previa tras 3 semanas de desentrenamiento. Metodología: A veintiuna mujeres se les realizó una valoración antropométrica completa siguiendo las indicaciones de la ISAK antes y después de un programa de Pilates mat de 16 semanas (2 días a la semana, una hora por día). Todas las mujeres tenían una experiencia previa en la práctica de Pilates® mat de entre 1 y 3 años y venían de un proceso de desentrenamiento de 3 semanas (vacaciones de Navidad). Resultados y discusión: Las mujeres mostraron una reducción significativa del peso corporal, el IMC, los pliegues cutáneos individuales del miembro superior (bíceps y tríceps) y el tronco (subescapular, cresta iliaca, supraespinal y abdominal), el sumatorio de 6 y 8 pliegues, la endomorfia y la masa grasa; y un aumento significativo de la masa muscular. El somatotipo medio se clasificó en meso-endomorfo para el pre- (4,91, 4,01, 1,47) y el post-test (4,68, 4,16, 1,69). Ocho mujeres cambiaron su clasificación del somatotipo tras el programa de intervención. Conclusiones: La práctica de Pilates mat durante 16 semanas provocó cambios asociados a una mejora del estado de salud en las variables antropométricas, sobre todo en los pliegues cutáneos que disminuyeron significativamente, la composición corporal (masa grasa y muscular, que disminuyeron y aumentaron, respectivamente) y el somatotipo (una reducción significativa del componente endomórfico) en mujeres con experiencia previa en la práctica de Pilates después de tres semanas de desentrenamiento (AU)

Introduction: previous studies have analysed the effect of mat Pilates practice on anthropometric variables and body composition in sedentaries. To date no researches have investigated the benefits of Pilates on these variables after a short detraining period. Objective: to determine the effect of a 16-week mat Pilates program on anthropometric variables, body composition and somatotype of women with previous practice experience after three weeks of detraining period. Method: twenty-one women underwent a complete anthropometric assessment according with ISAK guidelines before and after a 16 week mat Pilates® program (two days, one hour). All women had one to three years of mat Pilates experience and came to three weeks of detraining period (Christmas holiday). Results and discussion: women showed significant decreases for body mass, BMI, upper limb (biceps and triceps) and trunk (subscapular, iliac crest, supraspinale and abdominal) individual skinfolds, 6 and 8 skinfold sums, endomorphy and fat mass; and a significant increases for muscle mass. The mean somatotype was classified as mesomorphic endomorph in the pre- (4.91, 4.01, 1.47) and post-test (4.68, 4.16, 1.69). Eight women changed their somatotype clasification after the intervention program. Conclusions: the practice of mat Pilates for 16 weeks caused changes associated with health state improvements on anthropometric variables, especially on skin (AU)

[The effects of 16-weeks pilates mat program on anthropometric variables and body composition in active adult women after a short detraining period]. / Efectos de un programa de 16 semanas de pilates mat sobre las variables antropométricas y la composición corporal en mujeres adultas activas tras un corto proceso de desentrenamiento.

INTRODUCTION: previous studies have analysed the effect of mat Pilates practice on anthropometric variables and body composition in sedentaries. To date no researchs have investigated the benefits of Pilates on these variables after a short detraining period. OBJETIVE: to determine the effect of a 16-week mat Pilates program on anthropometric variables, body composition and somatotype of women with previous practice experience after three weeks of detraining period. METHOD: twenty-one women underwent a complete anthropometric assessment according with ISAK guidelines before and after a 16 week mat Pilates program (two days, one hour). All women had one to three years of mat Pilates experience and came to three weeks of detraining period (Christmas holiday). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: women showed significant decreases for body mass, BMI, upper limb (biceps and triceps) and trunk (subscapular, iliac crest, supraspinale and abdominal) individual skinfolds, 6 and 8 skinfold sums, endomorphy and fat mass; and a significant increases for muscle mass. The mean somatotype was classified as mesomorphic endomorph in the pre- (4.91, 4.01, 1.47) and post-test (4.68, 4.16, 1.69). Eight women changed their somatotype clasification after the intervention program. CONCLUSIONS: the practice of mat Pilates for 16 weeks caused changes associated with health state improvements on anthropometric variables, especially on skinfolds which significantly decreased, body composition (fat and muscle masses decreased and increased, respectively) and somatotype (there was a significantly decreased on the endomorph component in experienced women after three week of detraning.

Introducción: Estudios previos han analizado los efectos de la práctica de Pilates mat sobre las variables antropométricas y la composición corporal en poblaciones sedentarias. No existen estudios sobre los beneficios del Pilates en estas varibles tras un corto periodo de desentrenamiento. Objetivo: Determinar el efecto un programa de 16 semanas de Pilates mat sobre las variables antropométricas, la composición coporal y el somatotipo, en mujeres adultas con experiencia previa tras 3 semanas de desentrenamiento. Metodología: A veintiuna mujeres se les realizó una valoración antropométrica completa siguiendo las indicaciones de la ISAK antes y después de un programa de Pilates mat de 16 semanas (2 días a la semana, una hora por día). Todas las mujeres tenían una experiencia previa en la práctica de Pilates mat de entre 1 y 3 años y venían de un proceso de desentrenamiento de 3 semanas (vacaciones de Navidad). Resultados y discusión: Las mujeres mostraron una reducción significativa del peso corporal, el IMC, los pliegues cutáneos individuales del miembro superior (bíceps y tríceps) y el tronco (subescapular, cresta iliaca, supraespinal y abdominal), el sumatorio de 6 y 8 pliegues, la endomorfia y la masa grasa; y un aumento significativo de la masa muscular. El somatotipo medio se clasificó en meso-endomorfo para el pre- (4,91, 4,01, 1,47) y el post-test (4,68, 4,16, 1,69). Ocho mujeres cambiaron su clasificación del somatotipo tras el programa de intervención. Conclusiones: La práctica de Pilates mat durante 16 semanas provocó cambios asociados a una mejora del estado de salud en las variables antropométricas, sobre todo en los pliegues cutáneos que disminuyeron significativamente, la composición corporal (masa grasa y muscular, que disminuyeron y aumentaron, respectivamente) y el somatotipo (una reducción significativa del componente endomórfico) en mujeres con experiencia previa en la práctica de Pilates después de tres semanas de desentrenamiento.

Características morfológicas y perfil antropométrico en mujeres que practican pilates clásico y mat clásico / Morphological characteristics and anthropometric profile of women who practice reformer pilates and traditional mat pilates

El objetivo de este trabajo fue describir y comparar las características antropométricas, somatotipo y proporcionalidad en mujeres que practicaban mat clásico y Pilates clásico. Setenta y nueve mujeres, 39 que realizaban Pilates clásico (edad: 45,10±8,32 años; años de práctica: 1,84±0,73 años) y 40 de mat clásico (edad: 42,60±7,83 años; años de práctica: 1,65±0,96 años), fueron valoradas usando una batería de 41 medidas antropométricas. Se calculó el somatotipo, los valores Z utilizando la estrategia Phamton de proporcionalidad y la composición corporal siguiendo la estrategia de cinco componentes de Kerr. Ambos grupos de mujeres obtuvieron valores similares en la mayoría de las variables antropométricas, valores Z de proporcionalidad, porcentajes de composición corporal y en el somatotipo, clasificado como meso-endomórfico. En conclusión, la práctica de mat clásico o Pilates clásico en mujeres no genera diferencias en las variables antropométricas, la composición corporal y el somatotipo.

The aim of this study was to describe and compare the kinanthropometric characteristics, somatotype and proportionality between women who perform reformer Pilates and traditional mat Pilates. Seventy-nine women, 39 who practice reformer Pilates (age: 45.10±8.32 years; years of practice: 1.84±0.73 years) and 40 who do mat Pilates (age: 42.60±7.83 years; years of practice: 1.65±0.96 years), were assessed using a battery of 41 anthropometric dimensions. Somatotypes, Phantom Z-scores and body composition with the strategy of five components of Kerr were calculated. Both groups showed similar values of anthropometric dimensions, phantom Z-scores, values of body composition and mean somatotypes. Somatotype was best described as meso-endomorph in both groups. In conclusion, both groups showed similar values in all anthropometric dimensions, proportional values, body composition and somatotype.

Physical exercise, energy expenditure and tobacco consumption in adolescents from Murcia (Spain).

INTRODUCTION: Physical and sports activity is essential for a healthy lifestyle and is considered a prevention factor for several harmful habits on health. The purpose of this study was to establish the relationship between the level of physical activity, energy expenditure and tobacco consumption among adolescent students. POPULATION AND METHODS: Adolescent students aged 14 to 17 years old from the province of Murcia were included. Their level of physical activity was assessed using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire, and smoking was evaluated using the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance. RESULTS: Out of 344 adolescents, 20.3% were overweight and 5.8%, obese. Of the total, 44.2% reported being active on a regular basis, while 55.8% were irregularly active or inactive. The level of physical exercise was higher among boys than girls. Tobacco was consumed by 20.3% of the sample, but no significant differences were observed based on sex. The highest energy expenditure from physical activity was positively associated with non consumption of tobacco. CONCLUSIONS: Among adolescents, a higher level of physical activity and a higher energy expenditure are positively associated with non consumption of tobacco.

[Habit based consumptions in the mediterranean diet and the relationship with anthropometric parameters in young female kayakers]. / Adhesión a la dieta mediterránea y relación con los parámetrosantropométricos de mujeres jóvenes kayakistas

INTRODUCTION: Dietary habits and body composition are possibly two of the most modifiable aspects that influence athletic performance in competition and training, especially in individual sports. OBJECTIVE: To determine Mediterranean diet adherence in a group of elite women paddlers and the relationship between these variables with anthropometric parameters and somatotype of the athlete. METHODS: A 90 women cadets who belonged to the national elite canoeing underwent a complete anthropometry according to ISAK instructions; and they selfcompleted KIDMED test to know their adherence to the Mediterranean diet. After that, anthropometric characteristics were compared based on their adherence to the Mediterranean diet. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: One kayaker had a low adherence to the Mediterranean diet, 38 a medium adherence and 51 an excellent adherence. However, one in every three not eats nuts and one in every five makes sweets more than once a day or industrial pastries for breakfast. When it was dividing paddlers based on their Mediterranean diet adherence it was found that the two groups (low and medium adherence and excellent adherence) did not show differences in most of the anthropometric variables, composition body percentages, somatotype and body mass index. CONCLUSIONS: The paddlers show a medium or excellent Mediterranean diet adherence. There was not clear relationship between anthropometric parameters and the degree of Mediterranean diet adherence in these athletes. It is necessary to continue researching the interaction between these fields in order to indentify possible relationships with health and sport performance in elite kayakers.

Actividad físico-deportiva, gasto calórico y consumo de tabaco en adolescentes de Murcia (España) / Physical exercise, energy expenditure and tobacco consumption in adolescents from Murcia (Spain)

Introducción. La práctica físico-deportiva es un elemento primordial dentro de los estilos de vida saludables y está considerado uno de los factores preventivos para diversos hábitos nocivos para la salud. El objetivo de este estudio fue establecer la relación entre el nivel de actividad física realizado, el gasto calórico y el hábito de consumo de tabaco de los adolescentes escolarizados. Población y métodos. Se incluyeron adolescentes escolarizados de entre 14 y 17 años de la región de Murcia. Se valoró el nivel de actividad física realizada mediante el International Physical Activity Questionnaire y el hábito tabáquico mediante el Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance. Resultados. De un total de 344 adolescentes, 20,3% presentaban sobrepeso y 5,8%, obesidad. El 44,2% se consideraron regularmente activos, mientras que 55,8% fueron irregularmente activos o inactivos. El nivel de práctica de actividad física de los varones fue superior al de las mujeres. El 20,3% de la muestra consumía tabaco, sin diferencias signifcativas en función del sexo. El mayor gasto energético derivado de la práctica de actividad física se asoció positivamente a no consumir tabaco. Conclusiones. En los adolescentes, un mayor nivel de actividad física y un mayor gasto energético se asocian positivamente a no consumir tabaco.

Introduction. Physical and sports activity is essential for a healthy lifestyle and is considered a prevention factor for several harmful habits on health. The purpose of this study was to establish the relationship between the level of physical activity, energy expenditure and tobacco consumption among adolescent students. Population and Methods. Adolescent students aged 14 to 17 years old from the province of Murcia were included. Their level of physical activity was assessed using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire, and smoking was evaluated using the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance. Results. Out of 344 adolescents, 20.3% were overweight and 5.8%, obese. Of the total, 44.2% reported being active on a regular basis, while 55.8% were irregularly active or inactive. The level of physical exercise was higher among boys than girls. Tobacco was consumed by 20.3% of the sample, but no signifcant differences were observed based on sex. The highest energy expenditure from physical activity was positively associated with non consumption of tobacco. Conclusions. Among adolescents, a higher level of physical activity and a higher energy expenditure are positively associated with non consumption of tobacco.

Actividad físico-deportiva, gasto calórico y consumo de tabaco en adolescentes de Murcia (España) / Physical exercise, energy expenditure and tobacco consumption in adolescents from Murcia (Spain)

Introducción. La práctica físico-deportiva es un elemento primordial dentro de los estilos de vida saludables y está considerado uno de los factores preventivos para diversos hábitos nocivos para la salud. El objetivo de este estudio fue establecer la relación entre el nivel de actividad física realizado, el gasto calórico y el hábito de consumo de tabaco de los adolescentes escolarizados. Población y métodos. Se incluyeron adolescentes escolarizados de entre 14 y 17 años de la región de Murcia. Se valoró el nivel de actividad física realizada mediante el International Physical Activity Questionnaire y el hábito tabáquico mediante el Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance. Resultados. De un total de 344 adolescentes, 20,3% presentaban sobrepeso y 5,8%, obesidad. El 44,2% se consideraron regularmente activos, mientras que 55,8% fueron irregularmente activos o inactivos. El nivel de práctica de actividad física de los varones fue superior al de las mujeres. El 20,3% de la muestra consumía tabaco, sin diferencias signifcativas en función del sexo. El mayor gasto energético derivado de la práctica de actividad física se asoció positivamente a no consumir tabaco. Conclusiones. En los adolescentes, un mayor nivel de actividad física y un mayor gasto energético se asocian positivamente a no consumir tabaco.(AU)

Introduction. Physical and sports activity is essential for a healthy lifestyle and is considered a prevention factor for several harmful habits on health. The purpose of this study was to establish the relationship between the level of physical activity, energy expenditure and tobacco consumption among adolescent students. Population and Methods. Adolescent students aged 14 to 17 years old from the province of Murcia were included. Their level of physical activity was assessed using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire, and smoking was evaluated using the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance. Results. Out of 344 adolescents, 20.3% were overweight and 5.8%, obese. Of the total, 44.2% reported being active on a regular basis, while 55.8% were irregularly active or inactive. The level of physical exercise was higher among boys than girls. Tobacco was consumed by 20.3% of the sample, but no signifcant differences were observed based on sex. The highest energy expenditure from physical activity was positively associated with non consumption of tobacco. Conclusions. Among adolescents, a higher level of physical activity and a higher energy expenditure are positively associated with non consumption of tobacco.(AU)

Adhesión a la dieta mediterránea y relación con los parámetros antropométricos de mujeres jóvenes kayakistas / Habit based consumptions in the mediterranean diet and the relationship with anthropometric parameters in young female kayakers

Introducción: Los hábitos alimentarios y la composición corporal son posiblemente dos de los aspectos modificables que más pueden influir en el rendimiento deportivo, principalmente en los deportes individuales. Objetivo: Determinar la adhesión a la dieta mediterránea de un grupo de mujeres jóvenes kayakistas y la relación de este parámetro con sus variables antropométricas y su somatotipo. Metodología: A 90 mujeres jóvenes kayakistas se les realizó una valoración antropométrica completa siguiendo las indicaciones de la ISAK; además, cumplimentaron el cuestionario KIDMED para conocer su adherencia a la dieta mediterránea. Posteriormente, se compararon las características antropométricas y el somatotipo en función del grado de adherencia a la dieta mediterránea. Resultados y discusión: Una kayakista mostró una adhesión baja a la dieta mediterránea, 38 una adhesión mediana y 51 una adhesión excelente. No obstante, una de cada tres no solía comer frutos secos y una de cada cinco tomaban dulces y golosinas más de una vez al día o bollería industrial en el desayuno. Al comparar a las kayakistas en función de su adhesión a la dieta mediterránea (adhesión baja-media y adhesión excelente) se obtuvieron valores similares en la mayoría de las variables antropométricas, en los porcentajes de composición corporal, en el somatotipo y en el índice de masa corporal. Conclusiones: Las piragüistas mostraron una adhesión media o excelente a la dieta mediterránea. No se encontró una relación clara entre los parámetros antropométricos y el grado de adhesión de las deportistas a la dieta mediterránea. Es preciso seguir analizando la interacción de estas variables para identificar posibles relaciones con la salud y el rendimiento en las piragüistas de élite (AU)

Introduction: Dietary habits and body composition are possibly two of the most modifiable aspects that influence athletic performance in competition and training, especially in individual sports. Objective: To determine Mediterranean diet adherence in a group of elite women paddlers and the relationship between these variables with anthropometric parameters and somatotype of the athlete. Methods: A 90 women cadets who belonged to the national elite canoeing underwent a complete anthropometry according to ISAK instructions; and they self-completed KIDMED test to know their adherence to the Mediterranean diet. After that, anthropometric characteristics were compared based on their adherence to the Mediterranean diet. Results and discussion: One kayaker had a low adherence to the Mediterranean diet, 38 a medium adherence and 51 an excellent adherence. However, one in every three not eats nuts and one in every five makes sweets more than once a day or industrial pastries for breakfast. When it was dividing paddlers based on their Mediterranean diet adherence it was found that the two groups (low and medium adherence and excellent adherence) did not show differences in most of the anthropometric variables, composition body percentages, somatotype and body mass index. Conclusions: The paddlers show a medium or excellent Mediterranean diet adherence. There was not clear relationship between anthropometric parameters and the degree of Mediterranean diet adherence in these athletes. It is necessary to continue researching the interaction between these fields in order to indentify possible relationships with health and sport performance in elite kayakers (AU)

Physical exercise, energy expenditure and tobacco consumption in adolescents from Murcia (Spain). / Physical exercise, energy expenditure and tobacco consumption in adolescents from Murcia (Spain).

INTRODUCTION: Physical and sports activity is essential for a healthy lifestyle and is considered a prevention factor for several harmful habits on health. The purpose of this study was to establish the relationship between the level of physical activity, energy expenditure and tobacco consumption among adolescent students. POPULATION AND METHODS: Adolescent students aged 14 to 17 years old from the province of Murcia were included. Their level of physical activity was assessed using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire, and smoking was evaluated using the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance. RESULTS: Out of 344 adolescents, 20.3

were overweight and 5.8

, obese. Of the total, 44.2

reported being active on a regular basis, while 55.8

were irregularly active or inactive. The level of physical exercise was higher among boys than girls. Tobacco was consumed by 20.3

of the sample, but no significant differences were observed based on sex. The highest energy expenditure from physical activity was positively associated with non consumption of tobacco. CONCLUSIONS: Among adolescents, a higher level of physical activity and a higher energy expenditure are positively associated with non consumption of tobacco.