Relationships between experiences of humiliation on social networks, problematic phone use, and aggressive and altruistic behaviors in young adults.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationships between cybervictimization in social networks, problematic smartphone use, aggressive behaviors, and prosocial altruistic tendencies in young adults. The sample consisted of 601 young adults (mean age = 19.96 years; SD = 2.27; 69.1% female) who were administered online assessments of experiences of humiliation on networks, problematic smartphone use, prosocial altruistic tendencies, and aggressiveness. Results indicated significant indirect effects of cyber victimization on aggressiveness and prosocial altruistic tendencies through problematic smartphone use. Problematic cell phone use explained the relationships between online humiliation and aggressive and prosocial altruistic behaviors. The results confirmed the positive relationship between cybervictimization and problematic cell phone use, consistent with previous research. However, the negative relationship between cybervictimization and altruistic prosocial tendencies was not corroborated. The findings emphasize the need to promote actions that foster social connectedness and interdependence among young individuals to develop their identity within the community.

Bioethical knowledge in students and health professionals: a systematic review.

Introduction: Bioethics training is essential for healthcare professionals as it enables them to address ethical dilemmas in their clinical practice. However, there is still a lack of rigorous teaching programs, and assessing bioethical knowledge poses challenges. Methodology: Systematic review using the PRISMA method. Results: Analysis of 27 studies reveals a lack of ethical knowledge and skills among healthcare professionals and students. Specific training in bioethics is effective in developing bioethical competencies. Different approaches have been employed, including integrated training in academic curricula and intensive or ongoing programs. The results demonstrate improvements in knowledge, attitudes, and ethical values, although regularly updating these courses is recommended. Conclusion: Specific training, institutional support, and considering regional and disciplinary differences are necessary to enhance ethics in the practice of healthcare professionals. Systematic review registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42023437146, identifier CRD42023437146.

Sporting Mind: The Interplay of Physical Activity and Psychological Health.

The symbiotic relationship between sports practice and psychological well-being has, in recent times, surged to the forefront of academic and public attention. The aim of this narrative review is to comprehensively explore the intricate pathways linking physical engagement in sports to its subsequent impacts on mental health and synthesize the multifarious effects of sports on psychological health, offering insights for integrating physical and psychological strategies to enhance well-being. From neurobiological underpinnings to therapeutic applications, this comprehensive manuscript provides an in-depth dive into the multifaceted world of sports and psychology. Highlighting evidence-based interventions, this review aspires to offer actionable insights for practitioners, athletes, and individuals alike, advocating for a holistic approach to mental well-being. This manuscript highlights the profound impact of sports on mental health, emphasizing its role in emotional regulation, resilience, cognitive function, and treating psychological conditions. It details how sports induce neurochemical changes, enhance brain functions like memory and learning, and aid against cognitive decline. This review also notes the benefits of regular exercise in mood improvement, stress management, and social skill enhancement, particularly when combined with mindfulness practices. It underscores the importance of considering cultural and gender perspectives in sports psychology, advocating for an integrated physical-psychological approach to promote overall well-being.

New Insights and Potential Therapeutic Interventions in Metabolic Diseases.

Endocrine homeostasis and metabolic diseases have been the subject of extensive research in recent years. The development of new techniques and insights has led to a deeper understanding of the mechanisms underlying these conditions and opened up new avenues for diagnosis and treatment. In this review, we discussed the rise of metabolic diseases, especially in Western countries, the genetical, psychological, and behavioral basis of metabolic diseases, the role of nutrition and physical activity in the development of metabolic diseases, the role of single-cell transcriptomics, gut microbiota, epigenetics, advanced imaging techniques, and cell-based therapies in metabolic diseases. Finally, practical applications derived from this information are made.

Perceived Attachment and Problematic Smartphone Use in Young People: Mediating Effects of Self-Regulation and Prosociality.

BACKGROUND: Problematic use of smartphones is a challenge facing societies around the world. This phenomenon has been associated with negative socialization experiences through the impact they have on how the youth relates to their environment. This study was designed to examine parental and peer attachment, self-efficacy and prosocial reasoning as predictors of different attitudes towards online communication and problematic smartphone use. METHOD: 561 youth aged 14-20 years (Mage = 17.82; SD = 1.64; 67.7% Female) participated in an online survey. RESULTS: Results indicated that an increase in self-efficacy or prosocial reasoning is correlated with a decrease in problematic smartphone use and attitudes towards online communication aimed at avoiding reality or constructing a more comfortable parallel social reality. Attachment to parents and peers had direct and indirect effects on problematic smartphone use and attitudes toward online communication through youth personal and social adjustment. CONCLUSIONS: Attachment plays a relevant role in the symptoms reduction of smartphone addiction and attitudes to online communication in youth, through its impact on self-efficacy perceptions and prosocial reasoning.

"Oh, My God! My Season Is Over!" COVID-19 and Regulation of the Psychological Response in Spanish High-Performance Athletes.

Background: In an unprecedented situation of interruption of the sporting dynamics, the world of sport is going through a series of adaptations necessary to continue functioning despite coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). More than ever, athletes are facing a different challenge, a source of discomfort and uncertainty, and one that absolutely alters not only sports calendars, but also trajectories, progressions, and approaches to sports life. Therefore, it is necessary to identify the levels of psychological vulnerability that may have been generated in the athletes, because of the coexistence with dysfunctional responses during the COVID-19 experience, and which directly influence the decrease of their mental health. Methods: With a descriptive and transversal design, the study aims to identify the state of the dysfunctional psychological response of a sample of Spanish athletes (N = 284). The DASS-21 (Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale), Toronto-20 (alexithymia), and Distress Tolerance Scale questionnaires were administered to a sample of high-level Spanish athletes in Olympic programs. Results: The results suggest that the analyzed athletes indicate high levels of dysfunctional response (e.g., anxiety, stress, depression, and alexithymia) when their tolerance is low. In addition, the variables show less relational strength, when the capacity of tolerance to distress is worse and age is lower. At the same time, the greater the anxiety and uncertainty are, leading to more catastrophic and negative thoughts, the younger the athletes are. Conclusions: It is clear that both age and tolerance to distress are considered adequate protective factors for psychological vulnerability in general and for associated dysfunctional responses in particular. Moreover, the psychological resources offered by more experienced athletes are also a guarantee of protection against negativity and catastrophism.

Enseñando valores y potenciando la prosocialidad. Lo que promueven los entrenadores y lo que interiorizan los deportistas / Ensinar valores e promover a prosocialidade. O que os treinadores promovem e o que os atletas internalizam / Teaching values and promoting prosociality. What coaches promote and what athletes internalize

Cada vez hay más pruebas de la relación entre la práctica deportiva y la transmisión de valores a una edad temprana, pero se desconoce el efecto especifico de los entrenadores y sus propios valores sobre el desarrollo de estos en los deportistas. El objetivo del presente estudio fue identificar la influencia de los valores que los entrenadores consideran importantes, sobre el razonamiento prosocial de jóvenes deportistas. Se empleó un diseño transversal explicativo multigrupo sobre una muestra de 318 jóvenes deportistas con edades comprendidas entre 8 y 17 años (Medad = 11.89; DT = 2.18), de los cuales 221 fueron chicos (68.8%) y sus entrenadores (n= 38), con edades comprendidas entre 19 y 35 años (Medad = 28.4; DT = 6.62). Los resultados revelan que los entrenadores ejercen un efecto significativo en los niveles de razonamiento prosocial de los jóvenes deportistas. Además se demostró el efecto positivo que tienen sobre el razonamiento prosocial los valores del entrenador relacionados con respeto a lo acordado, cuidar la imagen pública y la tolerancia en contraposición del efecto negativo que tienen los valores del entrenador relacionados con concordia, disfrute, juego, logro y victoria. La discusión se centra en la utilidad de los hallazgos para la mejora de las interacciones entre entrenadores y jóvenes deportistas dónde se puedan aunar el desarrollo conjunto de competitividad y formación en valores. (UCada vez hay más pruebas de la relación entre la práctica deportiva y la transmisión de valores a una edad temprana, pero se desconoce el efecto especifico de los entrenadores y sus propios valores sobre el desarrollo de estos en los deportistas. El objetivo del presente estudio fue identificar la influencia de los valores que los entrenadores consideran importantes, sobre el razonamiento prosocial de jóvenes deportistas. (AU)

There isincreasing evidence of the relationship between sports practice and the transmission of values at an early age, but the specific effect of coaches and their own values on the development of these values in athletes is unknown. The objective of this study was to identify the influence of values coaches consider important on the prosocial reasoning of young athletes. A cross-sectional, multi-group explanatory design was used on a sample of 318 young athletes between the ages of 8 and 17 (MAge = 11.89; SD = 2.18), of whom 221 were male (68.8%) and their coaches (n= 38), aged between 19 and 35 (MAge = 28.4; SD = 6.62). Results reveal that coaches exercise a significant effect on the levels of prosocial reasoning of young athletes. Positive effect on prosocial reasoning of coaches' values related to respect for agreements, public image, and tolerance was demonstrated in contrast to the negative effect of coaches' values related to agreement, enjoyment, play, achievement, and victory. Discussion focuses on the usefulness of the findings for improving interactions between coaches and young athletes where joint development of competitiveness and value formation can be brought together. (AU)

Há cada vez mais provas da relação entre a prática desportiva e a transmissão de valores numa idade precoce, mas o efeito específico dos treinadores e dos seus próprios valores no desenvolvimento destes valores nos atletas é desconhecido. O objectivo deste estudo foi identificar a influência dos valores que os treinadores consideram importantes no raciocínio prosocial dos jovens atletas. Numa amostra de 318 jovens atletas entre os 8 e os 17 anos de idade (Idade M = 11,89; SD = 2,18), dos quais 221 eram rapazes (68,8%) e os seus treinadores (n= 38), com idades compreendidas entre os 19 e os 35 anos (Idade M = 28,4; SD = 6,62), foi utilizado um desenho explicativo transversal e multigrupos. Os resultados revelam que os treinadores têm um efeito significativo sobre os níveis de raciocínio prosocial dos jovens atletas. O efeito positivo no raciocínio prosocial dos valores dos treinadores relacionados com o respeito por acordos, imagem pública e tolerância foi demonstrado em contraste com o efeito negativo dos valores dos treinadores relacionados com acordo, gozo, jogo, realização e vitória. A discussão centra-se na utilidade dos resultados para melhorar as interacções entre treinadores e jovens atletas, onde o desenvolvimento conjunto da competitividade e a formação de valores podem ser reunidos. (AU)

"My life is not going to have any meaning". Personality and Vulnerability to depression in Spanish youth / "Mi vida no va a tener ningún sentido". Personalidad y vulnerabilidad a la depresión en jóvenes españoles

Adolescents are a group at risk of developing depressive disorders, faced with a multitude of psychosocial circumstances and the re-sources available to meet vital needs. The risk of depression is associated with high avoidance of harm, low self-direction, and low persistence. The aim of the work was to explore the differences between various personality profiles on elements of depressive process (presence of distress and absence of eustress) in adolescents. The presence of depression was evaluated through the Multicultural Inventory of Depression and personality through the Temperament and Character Questionnaire in a total of 229 participants, (n = 121 males) (M age = 14.79; SD = 1.61). The exploratory cluster analyses showed the existence of 3 adolescent profiles based on temperament and character, being those adolescents with low persistence and self-transcendence, with high self-directedness, harm avoidance and rewards dependency who showed the highest indicators of depression. Specifically, significant differences were found in distress scores with adolescents in profile 3 having the highest indicators of state distress (F (224, 4) = 21.73; p < .01) and trait (F (224, 4) = 23.00; p < .01) with respect to adoles-cents in cluster 1 and cluster 2. In addition, they also had significantly low-er scores on the indicators of eustrés state (F (224, 4) = 11.59; p < .01) and trait (F (224, 4) = 12.31; p < .01). The discussion focuses on the usefulness of Moscoso and Coninger's theories as frameworks for understanding the processes of acquisition, and risk of depression in adolescents

Los adolescentes son un grupo de riesgo para desarrollar trastornos depresivos y que se enfrentan a una multitud de circunstancias psicosociales y a los recursos disponibles para satisfacer sus necesidades vitales. El riesgo de depresión está asociado con una alta evitación de daños, una baja autodirección y una baja persistencia. El objetivo de la labor fue explorar las diferencias entre los diferentes perfiles de personalidad entre los elementos del proceso depresivo (presencia de angustia y ausencia de eustrés) en los adolescentes. La presencia de depresión se evaluó a través del Inventario Multicultural de Depresión y la personalidad a través del Cuestionario de Temperamento y Carácter en un total de 229 participantes, (n=121 varones) (edad M = 14,79; SD = 1,61). Los análisis exploratorios por conglomerados mostraron la existencia de 3 perfiles de adolescentes basados en el temperamento y el carácter, siendo aquellos adolescentes con baja persistencia y auto-trascendencia, con alta auto-dirección, evitación de daños y dependencia de las recompensas quienes mostraron los más altos indicadores de depresión. Específicamente, se encontraron diferencias significativas en las puntuaciones de angustia con los adolescentes del perfil 3 que tenían los indicadores más altos de angustia de estado (F(224.4) = 21.73; p < .01) y rasgo (F(224.4) = 23.00; p < .01) con respecto a los adolescentes del grupo 1 y del grupo 2. Además, también tuvieron puntuaciones significativamente más bajas en los indicadores de estado eustrés (F(224.4) = 11,59; p < .01) y rasgo (F(224.4) = 12,31; p < .01). La discusión se centra en la utilidad de las teorías de Moscoso y Coninger como marcos para comprender los procesos de adquisición y el riesgo de depresión en los adolescentes

Perceived Attachment and Problematic Smartphone Use in Young People: Mediating Effects of Self-Regulation and Prosociality / Apego Percibido y Uso Problemático de los Teléfonos Inteligentes en los Jóvenes: Efectos Mediadores de la Autorregulación y la Prosocialidad

Background: Problematic use of smartphones is a challenge facing societies around the world. This phenomenon has been associated with negative socialization experiences through the impact they have on how the youth relates to their environment. This study was designed to examine parental and peer attachment, self-efficacy and prosocial reasoning as predictors of different attitudes towards online communication and problematic smartphone use. Method: 561 youth aged 14-20 years (Mage = 17.82; SD = 1.64; 67.7% Female) participated in an online survey. Results: Results indicated that an increase in self-efficacy or prosocial reasoning is correlated with a decrease in problematic smartphone use and attitudes towards online communication aimed at avoiding reality or constructing a more comfortable parallel social reality. Attachment to parents and peers had direct and indirect effects on problematic smartphone use and attitudes toward online communication through youth personal and social adjustment. Conclusions: Attachment plays a relevant role in the symptoms reduction of smartphone addiction and attitudes to online communication in youth, through its impact on self-efficacy perceptions and prosocial reasoning. (AU)

Antecedentes: el uso problemático de los smartphones es un reto al que se enfrentan las sociedades de todo el mundo. Este fenómeno se ha asociado con experiencias negativas de socialización a través del impacto que estas tienen en cómo los jóvenes se relacionan con su entorno. Este trabajo examina el apego (parental y pares), la autoeficacia y el razonamiento prosocial como predictores de diferentes actitudes hacia la comunicación online y uso problemático del móvil. Método: 561 jóvenes entre 14 y 20 años (Medad = 17,82; SD = 1,64; 67,7% Mujeres) participaron en una encuesta online. Resultados: tanto la autoeficacia como el razonamiento prosocial se correlaciona con una disminución del uso problemático del móvil y de las actitudes hacia la comunicación online orientada a evadir la realidad o a construir una realidad social paralela más cómoda. El apego (parental y pares) tuvo efectos directos e indirectos sobre el uso problemático del móvil y las actitudes hacia la comunicación. Conclusiones: el apego juega un papel relevante en la reducción de síntomas de adicción al móvil y en las actitudes hacia la comunicación online en los jóvenes, a través de su impacto en las percepciones de autoeficacia y razonamiento prosocial. (AU)

Considering BMI, Body Image and Desired Weight Change for Suitable Obesity Management Options.

With prevalence of obesity increasing worldwide, understanding body image in individuals with excessive weight is important, as unawareness of weight excess can prevent weight loss attempts. We explored the associations among measured and self-reported body mass index (BMI), body image and body satisfaction among Spanish females and males with overweight or obesity, with a special focus in discriminating individuals who are and are not satisfied with their body and wish or not to change their appearance. Just unifying all individuals with excessive weight may lead to uncover or deny different realities and to develop unfitted clinical management options. Updating findings for the Spanish population, we found that most participants correctly estimated their weight, but 3 in 10 underestimated it. Similarly, their body images corresponded to adults with overweight or obesity who desired to be thinner, but in average they reported a perceived body just slightly overweight and a moderate satisfaction with their body. Complementing the existing evidence, BMI and sex-gender interacted for influencing body weight estimation and desired weight change. In addition, three different subgroups were found for desired change of weight and size, depending on their BMI and body satisfaction. Discovering and considering different subjective realities and corporeal experiences among individuals with weight excess will help professionals to develop appropriate therapeutic interventions. Thus, the personal experiences that individuals have with obesity, instead of obesity itself, should be considered for disentangling management efforts.

Body Satisfaction, Weight Stigma, Positivity, and Happiness among Spanish Adults with Overweight and Obesity.

Although previous evidence suggests that happiness is lower among individuals with obesity, research on the correlates of subjective well-being (SWB) is warranted to increase our knowledge. We aim to explore excess weight (i.e., measured and self-reported body mass index (BMI)), body image and satisfaction, self-stigma, positivity, and happiness among Spanish adults with overweight or obesity. We further aim to investigate the predictors of SWB in this sample. A convenience sample of 100 individuals with excess weight completed self-reports on the study variables and were weighed and their height measured. On average, the participants reported body perceptions revealing minor excessive weight, moderate body satisfaction, low-to-moderate weight-related stigma, and elevated positivity and happiness. BMI and gender/sex independently affected these variables, but there were no significant interaction effects. Furthermore, individuals with overweight or obesity with higher body satisfaction and elevated positivity were more likely to report being happy, independent of their age, gender/sex, weight, and weight-related stigma. Mediation effects were found for body satisfaction and positivity in the relationship between weight and happiness. Moreover, positive orientation suppressed the pervasive influence of stigma on SWB. Our findings confirm the key role of body image dimensions and weight-related stigma for happiness and add support to the relevance of positivity for overall well-being of individuals with excess weight. These results may inform obesity management actions focused on inclusive aesthetic models, combating social stigmatization and enhancing positivity for a flourishing and fulfilling life.

Considering BMI, body image and desired weight change for suitable obesity management options

With prevalence of obesity increasing worldwide, understanding body image in individuals with excessive weight is important, as unawareness of weight excess can prevent weight loss attempts. We explored the associations among measured and self-reported body mass index (BMI), body image and body satisfaction among Spanish females and males with overweight or obesity, with a special focus in discriminating individuals who are and are not satisfied with their body and wish or not to change their appearance. Just unifying all individuals with excessive weight may lead to uncover or deny different realities and to develop unfitted clinical management options. Updating findings for the Spanish population, we found that most participants correctly estimated their weight, but 3 in 10 underestimated it. Similarly, their body images corresponded to adults with overweight or obesity who desired to be thinner, but in average they reported a perceived body just slightly overweight and a moderate satisfaction with their body. Complementing the existing evidence, BMI and sex-gender interacted for influencing body weight estimation and desired weight change. In addition, three different subgroups were found for desired change of weight and size, depending on their BMI and body satisfaction. Discovering and considering different subjective realities and corporeal experiences among individuals with weight excess will help professionals to develop appropriate therapeutic interventions. Thus, the personal experiences that individuals have with obesity, instead of obesity itself, should be considered for disentangling management efforts

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Relación de los estilos de liderazgo, cohesión grupal, potencia de equipo y rendimiento en jugadores de fútbol no profesionales / Relationship of Leadership Styles, Group Cohesion, Power Equipment and Performance in Non-Professional Soccer Players

Resumen El objetivo del presente trabajo fue analizar las relaciones entre tipos de liderazgo (tarea y social), cohesión, potencia de equipo y rendimiento en 334 futbolistas federados de las categorías Alevín, Cadete, Juvenil y Absoluta, con una edad media de 15.97 (DE = 3.31). Los cuestionarios utilizados fueron de Liderazgo auténtico (ALQ), tarea (LSS), Cohesión grupal (CG), Potencia de equipo (CPEA) y rendimiento, que mostraron índices de ajuste óptimos (χ2/DF = 1.313 p = 0; CFI = 0.997; TLI = 0.994; RMSEA = 0.032; SRMS = 0.0343). Los resultados indican que el estilo de liderazgo, especialmente liderazgo tarea (p = 0.37) influye indirectamente en el rendimiento a través de la CG (p = 0.17) y CPE (p = 0.21). Como conclusión, se propone la mejora del rendimiento grupal a partir de la optimización de modelos de conducta individuales.

Abstract The objective was to analyze the relationships between types of leadership (task and social), cohesion, team potency and performance in 334 federated players of the categories Alevín, Cadet, Juvenile and Absolute, with a mean age of 15.97 (SD = 3.31). The questionnaires used were Authentic Leadership (ALQ), Task (LSS), Group Cohesion (CG), Team Power (CPEA), and Performance that showed optimal adjustment indexes (χ2 / DF = 1.313 p = 0; CFI = 0.997; TLI = 0.994; RMSEA = 0.032; SRMS = 0.0343). The results indicate that leadership style, especially leadership task (p = 0.37) indirectly influences performance through CG (p = 0.17) and CPE (p = 0.21). In conclusion, it is proposed to improve group performance by optimizing individual behavior models.