Characterizing large-area electro-optic crystals toward two-dimensional real-time terahertz imaging.

We have characterized the homogeneity of large-area (>10 mm x 10 mm) CdTe(110) and ZnTe(110) crystals using a raster electro-optic scanning method to assess their usability in two-dimensional electro-optic terahertz (THz) imaging with parallel read out. The spatial variation in the detected THz signal (at 0.2 and 0.645 THz, respectively) is due to nonuniform residual birefringence and scattering. For CdTe, this depends critically on the growth method, and has an important contribution from slip planes in the crystals, as is evident in the scanned images. For the highest-quality CdTe(110) crystals investigated, the rms signal variations are less than 15%, comparable to those for ZnTe(110). For electro-optic scanning, we introduce a hybrid measurement system based on a fs Nd:glass laser and a continuous-wave electronic THz source.

Terahertz profilometry at 600 GHz with 0.5 microm depth resolution.

Characterization of the topography of materials by interferometry in the visible or near-IR wavelength regime becomes difficult or impossible if the surface is rough on the length scale of a tenth of the wavelength and more. In this case, THz radiation can provide an interesting alternative. We demonstrate heterodyne profilometry at 600 GHz as a method for the accurate determination of surface topography with an achievable expanded standard uncertainty of 0.5 mum.

All-optoelectronic continuous-wave terahertz systems.

We discuss the optoelectronic generation and detection of continuous-wave terahertz (THz) radiation by the mixing of visible/near-infrared laser radiation in photoconductive antennas. We review attempts to reach higher THz output-power levels by reverting from mobility-lifetime-limited photomixers to transit-time-limited p-i-n photodiodes. We then describe our implementation of a THz spectroscopy and imaging-measurement system and demonstrate its imaging performance with several examples. Possible application areas of THz imaging in the biomedical field and in surface characterization for industrial purposes are explored.

Terahertz-pulse generation by photoionization of air with laser pulses composed of both fundamental and second-harmonic waves.

Intense radiation in the terahertz (THz) frequency range can be generated by focusing of an ultrashort laser pulse composed of both a fundamental wave and its second-harmonic field into air, as reported previously by Cook et al. [Opt. Lett. 25, 1210 (2000)]. We identify a threshold for THz generation that proves that generation of a plasma is required and that the nonlinearity of air is insufficient to explain our measurements. An additional THz field component generated in the type I beta-barium borate crystal used for second-harmonic generation has to be considered if one is to avoid misinterpretation of this kind of experiment. We conclude with a comparison that shows that the plasma emitter is competitive with other state-of-the-art THz emitters.

All-optoelectronic continuous wave THz imaging for biomedical applications.

We present an all-optoelectronic THz imaging system for ex vivo biomedical applications based on photomixing of two continuous-wave laser beams using photoconductive antennas. The application of hyperboloidal lenses is discussed. They allow for f-numbers less than 1/2 permitting better focusing and higher spatial resolution compared to off-axis paraboloidal mirrors whose f-numbers for practical reasons must be larger than 1/2. For a specific histological sample, an analysis of image noise is discussed.

Visualization and classification in biomedical terahertz pulsed imaging.

'Visualization' in imaging is the process of extracting useful information from raw data in such a way that meaningful physical contrasts are developed. 'Classification' is the subsequent process of defining parameter ranges which allow us to identify elements of images such as different tissues or different objects. In this paper, we explore techniques for visualization and classification in terahertz pulsed imaging (TPI) for biomedical applications. For archived (formalin-fixed, alcohol-dehydrated and paraffin-mounted) test samples, we investigate both time- and frequency-domain methods based on bright- and dark-field TPI. Successful tissue classification is demonstrated.