Executive functions beyond the "Holy Trinity": A scoping review.

OBJECTIVE: Executive functions (EFs) are a multifaceted construct, important for several outcomes throughout life. The most commonly addressed executive components are inhibitory control, working memory, and cognitive flexibility. To map how other executive components are addressed conceptually and methodologically in the literature, a scoping review was carried out. METHOD: The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews guideline was used. The database search (2017-2022) was carried out on the APA PsycInfo, Medline, Scopus, LILACS, and SciELO databases. A total of 3,473 articles were identified; 1,302 remained after screening. Given the large number of articles, a sample calculation was performed (95% CI and 5% error), with 297 articles randomly selected for full-text reading and 242 studies included for analysis. RESULTS: There was a predominance of health application studies in adults and older adults and in developed countries. There is relative conceptual consensus that EF are a multidimensional construct; however, there is no explicit identification of the theoretical model used in the studies. A diversity of EF was evidenced, which broadens the understanding of the construct, its assessment, and intervention targets. Furthermore, there was a variety of instruments used to assess these skills, with a predominance of performance tests, often with construct-instrument ambivalence between studies. CONCLUSIONS: The mapping showed a diversity of skills referred to as EF in addition to the core components and identified the instruments used in their assessment. Greater conceptual and structural clarity and greater methodological care are fundamental to support the assessment of EF and their intervention. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Articulation of cognitive-behavioral therapy and neuropsychology: A scoping review.

Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and neuropsychology are areas of psychology that have a common focus of interest on cognitive processing. The present study aimed to map and describe in a systematic way information about the association between CBT and neuropsychology by means of a scoping review. The systematic search for empirical articles published between 2010 and 2020, without language restriction, was carried out in the Medline, PsycInfo, LILACS, and SciELO databases. We found 3,723 articles, of which 198 were duplicates, which were excluded, and 3,525 articles went on to double-blind screening. For full text reading, we selected 323 articles, while 143 of them were selected for analysis. Results showed the characteristics, methodological aspects, and possible associations identified in the studies, which were as follows: neuropsychological assessment (NPA) and CBT assessment; NPA and CBT intervention; neuropsychological intervention and CBT intervention; and CBT strategy in neuropsychological intervention. The most used interventions were classic CBT, rehabilitation, and cognitive training, with the use of psychoeducation, cognitive restructuring, and problem solving, among others, applied, on the whole, to psychiatric and neurological conditions. We conclude that a greater understanding of the possible connections between the two areas can benefit patients from the psychiatric and neurological clinic.

Relações Entre Suporte Parental e Reconhecimento de Expressões Faciais Emocionais em Pré-Adolescentes / Relationships Between Parental Support and Recognition of Emotional Facial Expressions in Pre-Adolescents

Resumo Este estudo analisou a relação entre suporte parental e habilidade de reconhecer expressões faciais emocionais em pré-adolescentes através de uma revisão integrativa de pesquisas empíricas dos últimos dez anos. Foram encontradas 12 publicações, as quais utilizaram principalmente tarefas computadorizadas para avaliar o reconhecimento de expressões faciais, sendo a maioria estudos transversais. Houve uma associação de práticas parentais positivas com uma melhor habilidade de reconhecimento de expressões faciais dos filhos, assim como aspectos negativos da parentalidade estiveram associados a um pior reconhecimento de expressões faciais e a um favorecimento do reconhecimento de expressões negativas, sendo que alguns resultados foram contraditórios. Discute-se a importância desta habilidade para o desenvolvimento infanto-juvenil e destacam-se lacunas metodológicas e sugestões para avançar os estudos na área.

Abstract This study analyzed the relationship between parental support and the ability to recognize emotional facial expressions in pre-adolescents through an integrative review of empirical research in the last ten years. Twelve publications were found, which mainly used computerized tasks to evaluate the recognition of facial expressions, most of which were cross-sectional studies. There was an association of positive parental practices with better ability to recognize children's facial expressions, as well as negative aspects of parenting were associated with worse recognition of facial expressions and favoring the recognition of negative expressions, with some of these results presenting contradictions. It discusses the importance of this ability for the development of youth, highlights methodological gaps and suggestions to advance studies in the area.

Substance Use Disorder Among Bereaved Individuals: A Systematic Review / Transtorno por Uso de Substâncias entre Pessoas em Luto: Uma Revisão Sistemática / Trastorno por Uso de Sustancias entre Personas en Duelo: Una Revisión Sistemática

Abstract Substance use disorder (SUD) is related to several psychosocial factors, such as grief. This study aimed to find an association of SUD among bereaved individuals based on a systematic review. The research was registered in the PROSPERO platform and the following databases were used: MEDLINE, PsycNET, LILACS, PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, and SciELO. The Rayyan software tool was used and this study was performed under the guidelines of the PRISMA protocol. In total, 17 articles were eligible, of which more than 88% showed an association between SUD and the grieving process and almost 60% associated grief and drug use with depression and anxiety. Alcohol was the most used substance. These findings may contribute to future studies on grief and substance use and underlie the elaboration of preventive actions for drug use.

Resumo O Transtorno por Uso de Substâncias (TUS) relaciona-se a vários fatores psicossociais; como o luto. Este trabalho teve por objetivo identificar uma associação do TUS entre pessoas em processo de luto, a partir de uma revisão sistemática. A pesquisa foi registrada na plataforma PROSPERO e foram utilizadas as seguintes bases de dados: MEDLINE, PSYCNET, LILACS, PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL e SciELO. Foi utilizado o software Rayyan e as etapas do protocolo PRISMA foram seguidas. Foram elegíveis 17 artigos, dos quais mais de 88% apresentaram uma associação entre o TUS e o processo de luto, e quase 60% associaram o luto e o consumo de drogas à depressão e à ansiedade. A substância mais consumida foi o álcool. Estes achados podem contribuir para futuras pesquisas na área de luto e uso de substâncias, bem como subsidiar a formulação de ações preventivas ao uso de drogas.

Resumen El Trastorno por Uso de Sustancias (TUS) está relacionado con varios factores psicosociales, como el duelo. A partir de una revisión sistemática, este trabajo se propuso identificar una asociación del TUS en personas en proceso de duelo. La investigación se registró en la plataforma PROSPERO, y se utilizaron las siguientes bases de datos: MEDLINE, PSYCNET, LILACS, PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL y SciELO. Se utilizó el software Rayyan, y se siguieron los pasos del protocolo PRISMA. Diecisiete artículos fueron elegibles, de los cuales más del 88% mostraron una asociación entre el TUS y el proceso de duelo, y casi el 60% asociaron el duelo y el consumo de drogas con la depresión y la ansiedad. La sustancia más consumida fue el alcohol. Estos resultados pueden contribuir a futuras investigaciones sobre el duelo y el consumo de sustancias, además de subvencionar la formulación de acciones preventivas para el consumo de drogas.

Uso excessivo de internet e smartphone e problemas emocionais em estudantes de psicologia e psicólogos / Excessive Internet and smartphone use and emotional problems in students of psychology and psychologists

Objetivo Este estudo teve por objetivo avaliar a prevalência de dependência de internet, seus principais preditores e a associação com problemas emocionais em estudantes de psicologia (n = 1.916) e psicólogos (n = 4.359). Método Os indivíduos preencheram um questionário sociodemográfico e outros instrumentos específicos. Observou-se que 9,3% dos estudantes e 4,0% dos psicólogos foram detectados com uso excessivo de internet. Resultados Todos os participantes com uso excessivo de internet apresentaram uma frequência significativamente maior de sintomas de depressão, ansiedade e estresse, e estes problemas foram preditores para a dependência de internet somente entre os psicólogos. Conclusão Compreender o padrão de dependência de internet pode ajudar no desenvolvimento de políticas públicas específicas para esses indivíduos.

Objective This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of Internet Addiction, its main predictors, and associations with psychological problems in psychology students (n = 1,916) and psychologists (n = 4,359). Method Participants completed a sociodemographic questionnaire and measures of interest. It was observed that 9.3% of the students and 4.0% of the psychologists screened positive for internet addiction. Results All participants with internet addiction presented a significantly higher frequency of depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms, however, these problems were predictors for internet addiction only among the professionals. Conclusion Understanding the pattern of internet addiction can help to support the development of specific public policies for these individuals.

Efeito do Programa de Cessação do Tabagismo: uma revisão dessa política pública para dependência tabágica / Effect of Smoking Cessation Program: a review of this public policy for tobacco dependence

Objetivo Entre as diretrizes do Ministério da Saúde para controle do tabagismo está o Programa de Cessação do Tabagismo, desenvolvido pelo Instituto Nacional do Câncer. Esta revisão objetiva descrever as pesquisas que aplicaram o Programa de Cessação do Tabagismo, analisando seus procedimentos, efeitos, potencialidades e limitadores. Método Foram avaliados artigos das bases PubMed, PsycINFO, Biblioteca Virtual da Saúde e Biblioteca Eletrônica Científica Online publicados entre 2002 e 2019 e encontrados através de busca que usou os descritores: "Programa Nacional de Controle do Tabagismo" e "cessação do tabagismo" em português, espanhol e inglês. Foram pré-selecionados 1670 artigos, dos quais 15 foram elegíveis para análise final. Resultados Os resultados mostraram taxas de adesão ao tratamento de 33% a 100%, taxas de sucesso de 15% a 85% após a intervenção e de 21% a 51% seis meses após o final do tratamento. Essa variabilidade pode estar relacionada à falta de padronização e baixa fidelidade na aplicação do Programa, que propõe tratar as dependências física, psicológica e comportamental. Conclusão Recomenda-se investimento em capacitação técnica e monitoramento dos registros.

Objective Brazil Health Ministry's guidelines for tobacco control include the Smoking Cessation Program, developed by the Instituto Nacional de Câncer of Brazil. This review aims to describe the studies in which this Program has been applied, reviewing its procedures, effects, potential and limitations. Method Articles from PubMed, PsycINFO, Virtual Health Library and Scientific Electronic Library Online, published between 2002 and 2019, were evaluated, using the descriptors "Smoking Cessation Program" and "smoking cessation" in Portuguese, Spanish and English. A total of 1670 articles were pre-selected, of which 15 resulted eligible for final assessment. Results The results showed adherence rates from 33% to 100%, success rates from 15% to 85% after the intervention and 21% to 51% six months after treatment completion. This variability may be related to the lack of standardization and poor fidelity in the application of the Program, which intends to treat physical, psychological and behavioral dependence. Conclusion Investment in technical training and record monitoring is suggested.

Social skills training with university students: A group intervention protocol / Treinamento em habilidades sociais com universitários: Um protocolo de intervenção grupal / Entrenamiento en habilidades sociales con estudiantes universitarios: Un protocolo de intervención grupal

Social skills are a set of abilities necessary for the individual to live well in society. They include assertiveness, problem solving, empathy and public speaking, among others. These skills are developed since childhood and their acquisition can take place without formal training; however, problems may arise as a result of failures in this learning. University students comprise a group in which the difficulties related to this area become relevant and may lead to impairment. Accordingly, social skills training emerges as a way to overcome such difficulties and promote a better quality of life for the participants. This article presents a social skills training protocol for university students. It was developed by authors recognized in the field, based on cognitive-behavioral group therapy and was proposed from a previous study that identified the repertoire deficit. The group procedure expands the range of training possibilities, providing a training context with interpersonal practice in loco. It also presents good ecological validity, including techniques such as psychoeducation, living activities and cognitive restructuring. Regarding the scope, this protocol is intended for the use of clinicians, instructors, basic and higher education professionals, as well as researchers, and aims to provide them with effective therapeutic strategies in the field of social skills.

Habilidades sociais são um conjunto de capacidades necessárias para o indivíduo viver bem em sociedade. Incluem assertividade, resolução de problemas, empatia e falar em público, entre outras. Estas habilidades são desenvolvidas desde a infância e sua aquisição pode ocorrer sem treinamento formal; contudo, problemas podem surgir em decorrência de falhas nessa aprendizagem. Os universitários caracterizam um grupo no qual as dificuldades relacionadas a essa área se tornam relevantes e podem trazer prejuízos. Assim, o treinamento em habilidades sociais surge como uma forma de superar tais dificuldades e promover uma melhor qualidade de vida aos participantes. Este artigo apresenta um protocolo para treinamento em habilidades sociais com universitários, desenvolvido com base na terapia cognitivo-comportamental em grupo e por autores reconhecidos na área, e proposto a partir de um levantamento prévio do repertório deficitário identificado. O procedimento em grupo amplia o leque de possibilidades do treinamento, proporcionando um contexto de treino com prática interpessoal in loco e com maior validade ecológica, incluindo técnicas como psicoeducação, atividades vivenciais e reestruturação cognitiva. Como alcance, esse protocolo pretende fornecer aos profissionais que atuam em psicologia clínica, em educação, inclusive no ensino superior, bem como na pesquisa, estratégias terapêuticas eficazes no campo das habilidades sociais.

Las habilidades sociales son un conjunto de habilidades necesarias para que el individuo viva bien en la sociedad. Incluyen asertividad, resolución de problemas, empatía y hablar en público, entre otras. Estas habilidades se desarrollan desde la niñez y su adquisición puede ocurrir sin entrenamiento formal; sin embargo, pueden surgir problemas como resultado de fallas en este proceso de aprendizaje. Los estudiantes universitarios caracterizan un grupo donde las dificultades relacionadas con esta área se vuelven relevantes y pueden resultar en pérdidas. En consecuencia, el entrenamiento en habilidades sociales surge como una forma de superar dichas dificultades y promover una mejor calidad de vida para los participantes. Este artículo presenta un protocolo de entrenamiento en habilidades sociales con estudiantes universitarios, desarrollado en base a la terapia grupal cognitivo-conductual y por autores reconocidos en el área, y propuesto en base a un estudio previo del déficit de repertorio identificado. El procedimiento grupal amplía el abanico de posibilidades formativas, proporcionando un contexto formativo con práctica interpersonal in loco y con mayor validez ecológica, incluyendo técnicas como la psicoeducación, actividades vivenciales y reestructuración cognitiva. En cuanto al alcance, este protocolo intenta dotar a los profesionales que laboran en organizaciones clínicas, en docencia, incluida la educación superior, y en investigación, de estrategias terapéuticas efectivas en el campo de las habilidades sociales.

The Effect of Psychosocial Interventions for Reducing Co-occurring Symptoms of Depression and Anxiety in Individuals with Problematic Internet Use: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

The objective of this study is to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the effect of psychosocial interventions in reducing problematic Internet use (PIU), anxiety, and depression symptoms in a sample of people. This review was registered on the PROSPERO database (CRD42020181912) and a total of 15 studies were included. Analyses of the effect of the interventions were conducted based on the standardized mean difference of the studied outcomes (PIU, anxiety, and depression). Most studies reported a positive effect of psychosocial interventions on reducing symptoms of PIU, depression, and anxiety among people with PIU. However, only one detected a robust effect in reducing symptoms of anxiety. For depression, this effect was more modest, and there was no difference between the different modalities of psychosocial interventions. The results suggest that psychosocial interventions are effective in reducing both symptoms of PIU and co-occurring symptoms of depression and anxiety in individuals with PIU. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11469-022-00846-6.

Effects of an educational intervention with nursing professionals on approaches to hospitalized smokers: a quasi-experimental study.

OBJECTIVE: to assess the effects of an educational intervention on smoking cessation aimed at the nursing team. METHOD: this is a quasi-experimental study with 37 nursing professionals from a Brazilian hospital from May/2019 to December/2020. The intervention consisted of training nursing professionals on approaches to hospitalized smokers divided into two steps, the first, online, a prerequisite for the face-to-face/videoconference. The effect of the intervention was assessed through pre- and post-tests completed by participants. Smokers' medical records were also analyzed. For analysis, McNemar's chi-square test was used. RESULTS: there was an increase in the frequency of actions aimed at smoking cessation after the intervention. Significant differences were found in guidelines related to disclosure to family members of their decision to quit smoking and the need for support, encouragement of abstinence after hospital discharge, and information on tobacco cessation and relapse strategies. CONCLUSION: the educational intervention proved to be innovative and with a great capacity for disseminating knowledge. The post-test showed a positive effect on the frequency of actions aimed at smoking cessation implemented by the nursing team.

Transtornos mentais comuns em estudantes universitários: uma revisão sistemática da literatura / Common mental disorders in university students: a systematic literature review / Trastornos mentales comunes en estudiantes universitarios: una revisión sistemática de la literatura

Transtornos Mentais Comuns (TMC) caracterizam-se por sintomas que causam sofrimento. Esta revisão sistemática teve por objetivo descrever e analisar artigos sobre prevalência de TMC entre universitários brasileiros. A busca foi realizada no Portal da Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde com os descritores "Acadêmicos" OR "Universitários" AND "Transtornos Mentais Comuns". Dentre os 229 artigos elegíveis, foram incluídos 18. A prevalência de TMC detectada variou de 19% a 55,3%, e em 11 estudos foi maior que 40%; frequência superior às identificadas em estudos internacionais com universitários, nacionais com população geral e outras amostras. Sugere-se medidas de atenção em saúde mental para este público.

Common Mental Disorders (CMD) are characterized by symptoms that cause suffering. This systematic review aimed to describe and analyze articles on the prevalence of CMD among Brazilian university students. The search was carried out on the Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde Portal using the keywords "Academic" OR "University Students" AND "Common Mental Disorders". Among the 229 eligible articles, 18 were included. The prevalence of CMD detected ranged from 19% to 55.3%, and in 11 studies it was greater than 40%; higher than when compared to international studies with university students, nationals with general population and other samples. Mental health care interventions are suggested for this public.

Los Trastornos Mentales Comunes (TMC) se caracterizan por síntomas que causan sufrimiento. Esta revisión sistemática tuvo como objetivo describir y analizar artículos sobre la prevalencia de Trastornos Mentales Comunes (TMC) entre estudiantes universitarios brasileños. La búsqueda se realizó en el Portal de la Biblioteca Virtual en Salud con los descriptores "Académicos" OR " Universitarios" AND "Trastornos Mentales Comunes". Entre los 229 artículos elegibles, se incluyeron 18. La prevalencia de TMC detectada osciló entre el 19% y el 55,3%, y en 11 estudios fue superior al 40%. Dicha frecuencia es más alta que las identificadas en estudios internacionales con universitarios, nacionales con población general y otras muestras. Se sugieren medidas de atención en salud mental para este público.

Reporting characteristics of systematic reviews in Psychology: A scoping review.

This article describes the reporting characteristics of systematic reviews (SRs) in Psychology. The inclusion criteria were self-declared SRs in all branches of Psychology, published between 2019 and 2020. The search was performed in the PsycINFO and MEDLINE databases, from which 2487 records were identified, and 305 papers selected. There were many discrepancies in the reporting of Psychology SRs. Some PRISMA items, such as self-identification as an SR, description of the aim and the inclusion criteria, specification of the databases, and the description of the search and selection process using a flow diagram were reported in more than 90% of the SRs. Other items had lower coverage, such as the specification of the PICO framework, presentation of the complete search strategies, mention of the reporting guidelines, description of the exclusion criteria, performance of a risk of bias assessment, and analysis of the quality of the evidence, among others. The study highlights the need to improve the planning, performance and reporting of SR in Psychology.

Association between quality of life and risk behaviors in Brazilian adolescents: An exploratory study.

We evaluated the association between risk behaviors and quality of life in 1,081 adolescents classified into the risk behavior (RB) or the non-risk behavior (nRB) group. The data were analyzed with logistic regression models, analysis of variance, and network analysis. The nRB group had higher quality-of-life scores, and having a religion (OR = .42) and better quality of life (OR = .95) significantly reduced the odds of risk behaviors. The network analysis identified that religion, gender, and type of school showed the best centrality and connectivity indices. These data showed a negative association between risk behaviors and lower quality-of-life levels.

Perception of bonding and occupational stress in a multidisciplinary cancer patients health team / Percepção de vínculo e estresse ocupacional de equipe multiprofissional de saúde que atua no cuidado de pacientes com câncer

Cancer is the second leading cause of death in Brazil and one of the positive features in the care of cancer patients is the professional-patient bond; however, due to the complexity of the disease, these professionals may develop occupational stress. This study investigated the perception of the bond and occupational stress of professionals who deal with cancer patients. Forty professionals from the surgical clinic and onco-hematology service at a hospital answered a questionnaire about bonding and stress at work. The results showed a greater perception frequency of the therapeutic bond, the same type identified as ideal. The onco-hematology team exhibited higher scores than the surgical clinic team in the perception of the bond and of the ideal therapeutic bond. The average occupational stress level of the participants was 2.08 (moderate), with no difference between the two teams. The power of health work models that use the bond between health professionals and cancer patients as a care technology stands out.

O câncer é a segunda maior causa de óbitos no Brasil e um dos dispositivos que favorece o cuidado aos pacientes oncológicos é o vínculo profissional-paciente. No entanto, devido à complexidade da doença, os trabalhadores podem acabar desenvolvendo estresse ocupacional. Este estudo investigou a percepção de vínculo e o estresse ocupacional de profissionais que tratam de pacientes oncológicos. Quarenta profissionais de equipes de clínica cirúrgica e de onco-hematologia de um hospital responderam a questionários sobre vínculo e estresse no trabalho. Os resultados mostraram maior frequência de percepção do vínculo terapêutico, mesmo tipo identificado como ideal. A equipe de onco-hematologia revelou escores mais altos do que a de clínica cirúrgica na percepção de vínculo e de vínculo ideal terapêutico. A média do nível de estresse ocupacional dos participantes foi 2,08 (moderado), sem diferença entre as duas equipes. Destaca-se a potência dos modelos de trabalho em saúde que utilizam o vínculo entre profissional de saúde e pacientes oncológicos como tecnologia do cuidado.

Effects of an educational intervention with nursing professionals on approaches to hospitalized smokers: a quasi-experimental study / Efectos de una intervención educativa con profesionales de enfermería en el abordaje de pacientes fumadores: un estudio cuasi-experimental / Efeitos de uma intervenção educativa com profissionais de enfermagem sobre abordagens ao paciente tabagista: estudo quase-experimental

Abstract Objective: to assess the effects of an educational intervention on smoking cessation aimed at the nursing team. Method: this is a quasi-experimental study with 37 nursing professionals from a Brazilian hospital from May/2019 to December/2020. The intervention consisted of training nursing professionals on approaches to hospitalized smokers divided into two steps, the first, online, a prerequisite for the face-to-face/videoconference. The effect of the intervention was assessed through pre- and post-tests completed by participants. Smokers' medical records were also analyzed. For analysis, McNemar's chi-square test was used. Results: there was an increase in the frequency of actions aimed at smoking cessation after the intervention. Significant differences were found in guidelines related to disclosure to family members of their decision to quit smoking and the need for support, encouragement of abstinence after hospital discharge, and information on tobacco cessation and relapse strategies. Conclusion: the educational intervention proved to be innovative and with a great capacity for disseminating knowledge. The post-test showed a positive effect on the frequency of actions aimed at smoking cessation implemented by the nursing team.

RESUMEN Objetivo: evaluar los efectos de una intervención educativa para dejar de fumar dirigida al equipo de enfermería. Método: estudio cuasi-experimental con 37 profesionales de enfermería de un hospital brasileño de mayo/2019 a diciembre/2020. La intervención consistió en capacitar a los profesionales de enfermería en el abordaje del paciente fumador, dividida en dos etapas, la primera, en línea, requisito previo para la presencial/videoconferencia. El efecto de la intervención se evaluó a través del pre y post test realizado por los participantes. También se analizaron los registros en las historias clínicas de los fumadores. Para el análisis se utilizó la prueba Chi-Square de McNemar. Resultados: hubo un aumento en la frecuencia de acciones dirigidas a dejar de fumar después de la intervención. Se encontraron diferencias significativas en las guías relacionadas con la divulgación a los familiares de la decisión de dejar de fumar y la necesidad de apoyo, el estímulo de la abstinencia después del alta hospitalaria y la información sobre estrategias para dejar de fumar y recaer. Conclusión: la intervención educativa demostró ser innovadora y con gran capacidad de diseminación del conocimiento. El post-test mostró un efecto positivo en la frecuencia de las acciones dirigidas a la deshabituación tabáquica implementadas por el equipo de enfermería.

RESUMO Objetivo: avaliar os efeitos de uma intervenção educativa sobre cessação do tabagismo direcionada à equipe de enfermagem. Método: estudo quase-experimental com 37 profissionais de enfermagem de um hospital brasileiro de maio/2019 a dezembro/2020. A intervenção consistiu em capacitar profissionais de enfermagem sobre abordagens aos pacientes tabagistas, dividida em duas etapas, a primeira, online, pré-requisito para a presencial/videoconferência. O efeito da intervenção foi avaliado por meio do pré- e pós-teste preenchido pelos participantes. Também foram analisados registros em prontuários de pacientes fumantes. Para análise, utilizou-se o Teste do Qui-Quadrado de McNemar. Resultados: houve aumento da frequência das ações visando à cessação tabágica após a intervenção. Diferenças significativas foram encontradas em orientações relacionadas à divulgação aos familiares da decisão de parar de fumar e necessidade de apoio, incentivo à abstinência após alta hospitalar e informações sobre estratégias para cessação do tabaco e recaídas. Conclusão: a intervenção educativa se mostrou inovadora e com grande capacidade de difusão do conhecimento. O pós-teste evidenciou efeito positivo na frequência das ações visando à cessação tabágica implementadas pela equipe de enfermagem.

Treinamento em habilidades sociais com universitários: revisão sistemática da literatura / Social skills training with college students: literature systematic review / Entrenamiento en habilidades sociales con universitarios: revisión sistemática de la literatura

Habilidades Sociais (HS) são comportamentos necessários para o indivíduo conseguir se relacionar com os outros de forma satisfatória; sendo importantes para a adaptação do universitário à vida acadêmica. Esta revisão sistemática objetivou descrever pesquisas que aplicaram o Treinamento em Habilidades Sociais (THS) em universitários, analisando efeitos, potencialidades e possíveis limitadores de tal intervenção. Foram avaliados artigos empíricos nacionais e internacionais de 2009 a 2018, indexados nas bases Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, PsycInfo e Biblioteca Virtual da Saúde, nos idiomas português, inglês e espanhol. Foram encontrados 91 trabalhos, e, após as etapas de seleção, sete permaneceram para análise. Os resultados demonstraram que cinco dos sete estudos revelaram melhora nas HS após o THS, indicando que essa é uma estratégia promissora na promoção de saúde mental de universitários, embora mais pesquisas sejam necessárias, especialmente com desenho experimental, fazendo levantamento prévio de necessidades e avaliando o tamanho de efeito dos resultados.

Social Skills (SS) are behaviors necessary for individuals to be able to relate to others satisfactorily; they are also important for the adaptation of undergraduates to the academic life. The objective of this systematic review was to describe research that applied Social Skills Training (SST) in college students, analyzing its effects, potentialities and possible limitations. Search included national and international empirical articles from 2009 to 2018, indexed in Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, PsycInfo and Virtual Health Library databases, in Portuguese, English and Spanish. We found 91 articles, and after the selection process, seven remained for analysis. Results showed that five of the seven studies observed improvement in SS after SST, indicating that this is a promising strategy for promoting mental health among college students, although more research is needed, specially using experimental design, carrying out a previous screening of necessities, and assessing effect sizes of outcomes.

Las habilidades sociales (HS) son comportamientos necesarios para que el individuo pueda relacionarse satisfactoriamente con los demás; siendo importante para la adaptación de la universidad a la vida académica. Esta revisión sistemática tuvo como objetivo describir los estudios que aplicaron un Entrenamiento en Habilidades Sociales (EHS) en estudiantes universitarios, analizando los efectos, las potencialidades y las posibles limitaciones de dicha intervención. Fueron evaluados artículos empíricos, nacionales e internacionales, de 2009 a 2018, indexados en las bases de datos Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, PsycInfo y Biblioteca Virtual en Salud, en portugués, inglés y español. Fueron encontrados 91 artículos, y después de los pasos de selección, siete quedaron para el análisis. Los resultados mostraron que cinco de los siete estudios tuvieron una mejora en HS después del EHS, lo que indica que esta es una estrategia prometedora para la promoción de la salud mental de los estudiantes universitarios, aunque se necesita más investigación, especialmente con diseño experimental, evaluación de necesidades anteriores y evaluación de tamaño del efecto de los resultados.

O que sabemos sobre neurociências?: conceitos e equívocos entre o público geral e entre educadores / What do we know about neurosciences?: Concepts and misunderstandings between the general public and between educators

As descobertas sobre o funcionamento do cérebro, assim como suas aplicações nos processos de ensino-aprendizagem, têm sido alvo de interesse. Contudo, os resultados de pesquisas e os conceitos na área das neurociências muitas vezes são mal compreendidos ou distorcidos, perpetuando-se como falsas crenças, chamados 'neuromitos'. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar o conhecimento do público geral e, especialmente, de uma subamostra de educadores brasileiros acerca de conceitos e crenças equivocadas sobre neurociências. Trata-se de um estudo exploratório-descritivo em que participaram 2795 sujeitos, 1643 educadores (58,8%) e 1152 não educadores, que responderam a um questionário on-line sobre conceitos e equívocos em neurociências. Os resultados mostraram que tanto público geral como a subamostra de educadores, independentemente de terem feito algum curso sobre neurociências, possuem pouco conhecimento sobre o tema e apresentam crenças equivocadas em diversos conceitos. Os percentuais de erros/incertezas do público geral e da subamostra de educadores foram, respectivamente: 1) sono como momento de descanso para o cérebro (90% e 90,3%); 2) diferenças de dominância hemisférica como determinantes do desempenho em diferentes áreas (74,8% e 73,6%); 3) sentimentos vivenciados pelo coração (78,3% e 73%); 4) não maleabilidade das habilidades cognitivas (78,9% e 73,9%); e 5) uso de apenas 10% do cérebro (73,5% e 75,8%). Constata-se a necessidade de maior aproximação das neurociências com o público geral e, especialmente, com a educação e sugere-se que áreas como a Psicopedagogia e a neuropsicologia sejam facilitadoras deste processo. Ao lado disso, neurocientistas podem buscar estratégias mais eficazes de divulgação do conhecimento.

The discoveries about the functioning of the brain, as well as its applications in the teaching-learning processes, have been of interest. However, research results and concepts in the field of neuroscience are often misunderstood or distorted, perpetuating themselves as false beliefs, called 'neuromyths'. The aim of this study was to investigate the knowledge of the Brazilian general public and, especially, of a subsample of educators about conceptions and misconceptions about neuroscience. This is an exploratory-descriptive study in which 2795 subjects participated, 1643 educators (58.8%) and 1152 non-educators, who answered an online questionnaire about concepts and misunderstandings in neurosciences. The results showed that both the general public and the subsample of educators, regardless of having taken a course in neuroscience, have little knowledge on the subject and have mistaken beliefs in several concepts. The percentage of errors/uncertainties in the general public and in the educators subsample were, respectively: 1) sleep as a resting moment for the brain (90% and 90.3%); 2) differences in hemispheric dominance as determinants of performance in different areas (74.8% and 73.6%); 3) feelings experienced by the heart (78.3% and 73%); 4) non-malleability of cognitive skills (78.9% and 73.9%); and 5) use of only 10% of the brain (73.5% and 75.8%). There is a need to bring neurosciences closer to the general public, and especially to education, and it is suggested that areas such as Psychopedagogy and neuropsychology could facilitate this process. In addition, neuroscientists may seek more effective strategies for disseminating knowledge.

Concurrent Use of Alcohol and Crack Cocaine is Associated with High Levels of Anger and Liability to Aggression.

Objective: To evaluate aggressiveness in individuals receiving treatment for alcohol and crack cocaine use, both alone and in combination with one another, in order to compare them to control subjects with no history of drug problems, using the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory. Method: The sample consisted of 67 men aged 18-65 years, divided into four groups: alcohol (n = 13); crack cocaine (n = 25); crack cocaine + alcohol (n = 16) and controls (n = 13). Participants completed the following instruments: socioeconomic questionnaire, the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence and the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory. Results: Individuals with alcohol dependence alone, or comorbid with crack cocaine dependence, showed elevated levels of aggression and anger, though these varied according to the drug of abuse. Concurrent users of alcohol and crack cocaine had the highest levels of aggression, followed by isolated alcohol users, suggesting an association between alcohol consumption and aggression. Conclusion: The present findings suggest that alcohol and aggression levels may be associated with violent behavior. Concurrent use of alcohol and crack cocaine was related to higher levels of aggression, which may be associated with more severe alterations in behavior and impulse control.

Ansiedade social e habilidades sociais em universitários / Social anxiety and social skills in college students / Ansiedad social y habilidades sociales en estudiantes universitarios

Ingressar e permanecer na universidade ocasiona mudanças de hábitos e requer interações sociais habilidosas que nem sempre são experimentadas de forma adaptativa pelos jovens. Objetivou-se explorar estudos empíricos brasileiros publicados nos últimos dez anos sobre habilidades sociais e ansiedade social em universitários. Foram encontrados dez artigos com as combinações dos termos "ansiedade social", "habilidades sociais" e "universitários" que foram unânimes afirmando a eficácia da realização de treinamentos de habilidades sociais para o desenvolvimento das mesmas e para melhoria dos sintomas de ansiedade social em universitários. Concluiu-se que a criação de programas de desenvolvimento de habilidades sociais dentro das universidades se faz necessária, pois esse espaço precisa oferecer condições que propiciem o cuidado da saúde física e mental dos seus estudantes.

Joining and staying at the university leads to changes in lifestyle and requires skilled social interactions, which are not always adaptively experienced by young people. This paper aims to explore Brazilian empirical studies published in the last ten years on social skills and social anxiety among college students. Ten articles were found combining the terms "social anxiety", "social skills" and "university students" that were unanimous in affirming the effectiveness of conducting social skills training for their development and improvement of social anxiety symptoms in university students. In conclusion, the creation of social skills development programs in universities is necessary because this space needs to offer conditions that provide care for the physical and mental health of its students.

Ingresar y permanecer en la universidad conduce a cambios en los hábitos y requiere habilidades para interacciones sociales que los jóvenes no siempre experimentan de manera adaptativa. El objetivo fue explorar estudios empíricos brasileños publicados en los últimos diez años sobre habilidades sociales (HS) y ansiedad social en universitarios. Se encontraron diez artículos combinando los términos "ansiedad social", "habilidades sociales" y "universitarios", que fueron unánimes en afirmar la efectividad del entrenamiento en HS para el desarrollo de éstas y la mejoría de los síntomas de ansiedad social en universitarios. La creación de programas de desarrollo de HS dentro de las universidades es necesario, ya que debe ofrecer condiciones que brinden atención para la salud física y mental de sus estudiantes.

Attentional bias modification based on visual probe task: methodological issues, results and clinical relevance.

INTRODUCTION: Attentional bias, the tendency that a person has to drive or maintain attention to a specific class of stimuli, may play an important role in the etiology and persistence of mental disorders. Attentional bias modification has been studied as a form of additional treatment related to automatic processing. OBJECTIVES: This systematic literature review compared and discussed methods, evidence of success and potential clinical applications of studies about attentional bias modification (ABM) using a visual probe task. METHODS: The Web of Knowledge, PubMed and PsycInfo were searched using the keywords attentional bias modification, attentional bias manipulation and attentional bias training. We selected empirical studies about ABM training using a visual probe task written in English and published between 2002 and 2014. RESULTS: Fifty-seven studies met inclusion criteria. Most (78%) succeeded in training attention in the predicted direction, and in 71% results were generalized to other measures correlated with the symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: ABM has potential clinical utility, but to standardize methods and maximize applicability, future studies should include clinical samples and be based on findings of studies about its effectiveness.

Attentional bias modification based on visual probe task: methodological issues, results and clinical relevance / Modificação de viés atencional com base em tarefa de atenção visual: questões metodológicas, resultados e relevância clínica

Introduction: Attentional bias, the tendency that a person has to drive or maintain attention to a specific class of stimuli, may play an important role in the etiology and persistence of mental disorders. Attentional bias modification has been studied as a form of additional treatment related to automatic processing. Objectives: This systematic literature review compared and discussed methods, evidence of success and potential clinical applications of studies about attentional bias modification (ABM) using a visual probe task. Methods: The Web of Knowledge, PubMed and PsycInfo were searched using the keywords attentional bias modification, attentional bias manipulation and attentional bias training. We selected empirical studies about ABM training using a visual probe task written in English and published between 2002 and 2014. Results: Fifty-seven studies met inclusion criteria. Most (78%) succeeded in training attention in the predicted direction, and in 71% results were generalized to other measures correlated with the symptoms. Conclusions: ABM has potential clinical utility, but to standardize methods and maximize applicability, future studies should include clinical samples and be based on findings of studies about its effectiveness.

Introdução: O viés atencional, definido como a tendência a direcionar ou manter a atenção focada em uma classe específica de estímulos, pode ter um papel importante na etiologia e manutenção dos transtornos mentais. A modificação do viés atencional tem sido estudada como forma adicional de tratamento dirigida ao processamento automático. Objetivos: Esta revisão sistemática da literatura compara e discute questões metodológicas, evidências de resultados positivos e potenciais aplicações clínicas dos estudos sobre a modificação do viés atencional (MVA) baseados em uma tarefa de atenção visual. Métodos: As bases de dados Web of Knowledge, PubMed e PsycInfo foram pesquisadas usando os descritores attentional bias modification, attentional bias manipulation e attentional bias training. Foram selecionados estudos empíricos sobre treinamento para MVA baseados em tarefa de atenção visual escritos em inglês e publicados entre 2002 e 2014. Resultados: Cinquenta e sete estudos atenderam aos critérios de inclusão. A maioria (78%) obteve sucesso no treinamento da atenção na direção prevista, e 71% tiveram seus resultados generalizados a outras medidas correlacionadas com os sintomas. Conclusões: A MVA tem utilidade clínica potencial, mas, para atingir a padronização de métodos e a maximização de sua aplicabilidade, estudos futuros deverão incluir amostras clínicas e ser baseados nos resultados dos estudos sobre sua eficácia.